1. BIO132 Lab 9 Urinary System Exercises 40 & 41A / 41
Figure 40.1

2. Figure 40.3

3. Figure 40.4

4. Kidney 4X objective (40X) 10X objective 40X objective (100X) (400X)
Cortex
Glomeruli
Proximal Convoluted Tubules
Distal Convoluted Tubules
Medulla
Nephron Loops
Collecting Ducts
10X objective
(100X)
Distal Convoluted Tubule
40X objective
(400X)
Glomerulus
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Nephron Loop
Glomerular capsule
Capsular space
Czura 2005

5. Chronic Pyelonephritis
4X objective
(40X)
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Note inflammation of all the tubules (lumens and spaces filled in by leukocytes)
10X objective
(100X)
40X objective
(400X)
Czura 2005

6. Chronic Pyelonephritis
Normal Kidney
40X objective
(400X)
Czura 2005

7. Figure 40.2

8. Transitional epithelium Transitional epithelium
Urinary Bladder
Lumen
4X objective
(40X)
Detrusor muscle
10X objective
(100X)
40X objective
(400X)
Lamina propria
Lumen
Transitional epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Lamina propria
Detrusor muscle
Czura 2005

9. Ureter 10X objective (100X) 40X objective (400X) Czura 2005 Adventita
Smooth muscle circular
Smooth muscle longitudinal
Lamina propria
Transitional epithelium
Lumen
Czura 2005

10. Most common components of urine:
1. Water
2. Urea: protein catabolism
3. Sodium
4. Potassium waste ions
5. Phosphate
6. Sulfate
7. Creatinine: muscle metabolism (creatine phosphate)
8. Uric acid: nucleic acid catabolism

11. Exercise 41A / 41 Urinalysis: Work in pairs/small groups
Test one normal & one abnormal sample as provided
Do dipstick first: record all data
Do three test tube experiments: sulfates, phosphates, chlorides (instructions on side of room: leave waste at stations-do not dump chemicals down the sink!)

12. Specific Gravity = relative weight; amount of solutes (“stuff”) in it.
Pure water 1.000
Higher numbers indicate more solutes
1.001 is dilute urine e.g. diabetes insipidus, chronic renal failure, diuretic use, drinking too much water
>1.030 is too concentrated e.g. dehydration, fever, pyelonephritis, diabetes mellitus
Substances in excess can crystallize into renal calculi

13. pH 4.5 – 8.0 diet related High protein and wheat diets = acid Veggie diets = alkaline
Leukocytes: not normal, indicates UTI or other inflammation
Nitrites: not normal. Nitrates are normal wastes from foods, bacteria metabolize it into nitrite, indicates UTI

14. Protein = albumin, should not be filtered at kidney, generally some kind of vascular trauma in kidney e.g. hypertension, glomerulonephritis, toxins
Glucose, not normal, present in urine when renal threshold exceeded, indices excessive levels in blood e.g. diabetes mellitus
Ketones, not normal, product of lipid & protein catabolism, present when renal threshold exceeded e.g. starvation, diabetes mellitus

15. Urobiliogen (breakdown product of bilirubin) &
Bilirubin = bile pigments, indicates liver pathologies e.g. hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallstones
RBC = blood, indicates damage to kidney/UT
Hemoglobin = lysis of RBC e.g. infections, toxins

16. Sulfates: common waste ion of animal protein catabolism
Phosphates: common in cells and skeleton, waste ion in blood
Chloride: common form of sodium in diet is NaCl, Cl has no direct activity in human physiology, common waste ion