1. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia What to expect? Core modules IntroductionIntroduction Finding out relevant literatureFinding out relevant literature General guidelines for literature appraisalGeneral guidelines for literature appraisal Abstract and Introduction appraisalAbstract and Introduction appraisal Methods and Results appraisal 1 - Patients and proceduresMethods and Results appraisal 1 - Patients and procedures Methods and Results appraisal 2 - Data collection/management and descriptive analysisMethods and Results appraisal 2 - Data collection/management and descriptive analysis Methods and Results appraisal 3 - Inferential analysisMethods and Results appraisal 3 - Inferential analysis Discussion and Conclusions appraisalDiscussion and Conclusions appraisal

2. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia CONSORT statement

3. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia CONSORT statement Moher JAMA 2001

4. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia CONSORT statement Moher JAMA 2001

5. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia STARD guidelines

6. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia STARD guidelines

7. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia QUADAS guidelines

8. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia QUADAS guidelines Whiting BMCMRM 2003

9. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia QUOROM statement

10. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia MOOSE

11. MOOSE Stroup JAMA 2000

12. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia MOOSE

13. The EBM 3-step approach Appraising and using an article from the medical literature in three steps: Step 1 – Are the results of the study (internally) valid? Step 2 – What are the results? Step 3 – How can I apply these results to patient care?

14. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Were pts randomized?Were pts randomized? Was randomization concealed?Was randomization concealed? Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized?Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized? Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors?Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were pts aware of group allocation?Were pts aware of group allocation? Were clinicians aware of group allocation?Were clinicians aware of group allocation? Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation?Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation? Was follow-up complete?Was follow-up complete?

15. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy What are the results?What are the results? How large was the treatment effect?How large was the treatment effect? How precise was the estimate of the treatment effect?How precise was the estimate of the treatment effect? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Were the study patients similar to my patient?Were the study patients similar to my patient? Were all clinically important outcomes considered?Were all clinically important outcomes considered? Are the likely treatment benefits worth the potential harm and costs?Are the likely treatment benefits worth the potential harm and costs?

16. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy

17. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Were pts randomized?Were pts randomized? Was randomization concealed?Was randomization concealed? Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized?Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized? Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors?Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were pts aware of group allocation?Were pts aware of group allocation? Were clinicians aware of group allocation?Were clinicians aware of group allocation? Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation?Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation? Was follow-up complete?Was follow-up complete?

18. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Ardissino JAMA 2004

19. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Were pts randomized?Were pts randomized? Was randomization concealed?Was randomization concealed? Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized?Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized? Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors?Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were pts aware of group allocation?Were pts aware of group allocation? Were clinicians aware of group allocation?Were clinicians aware of group allocation? Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation?Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation? Was follow-up complete?Was follow-up complete?

20. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Ardissino JAMA 2004

21. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Were pts randomized?Were pts randomized? Was randomization concealed?Was randomization concealed? Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized?Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized? Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors?Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were pts aware of group allocation?Were pts aware of group allocation? Were clinicians aware of group allocation?Were clinicians aware of group allocation? Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation?Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation? Was follow-up complete?Was follow-up complete?

22. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Ardissino JAMA 2004

23. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Were pts randomized?Were pts randomized? Was randomization concealed?Was randomization concealed? Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized?Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized? Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors?Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were pts aware of group allocation?Were pts aware of group allocation? Were clinicians aware of group allocation?Were clinicians aware of group allocation? Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation?Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation? Was follow-up complete?Was follow-up complete?

24. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Ardissino JAMA 2004

25. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Were pts randomized?Were pts randomized? Was randomization concealed?Was randomization concealed? Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized?Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized? Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors?Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were pts aware of group allocation?Were pts aware of group allocation? Were clinicians aware of group allocation?Were clinicians aware of group allocation? Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation?Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation? Was follow-up complete?Was follow-up complete?

26. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Ardissino JAMA 2004

27. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Were pts randomized?Were pts randomized? Was randomization concealed?Was randomization concealed? Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized?Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized? Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors?Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were pts aware of group allocation?Were pts aware of group allocation? Were clinicians aware of group allocation?Were clinicians aware of group allocation? Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation?Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation? Was follow-up complete?Was follow-up complete?

28. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Ardissino JAMA 2004

29. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Were pts randomized?Were pts randomized? Was randomization concealed?Was randomization concealed? Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized?Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized? Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors?Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were pts aware of group allocation?Were pts aware of group allocation? Were clinicians aware of group allocation?Were clinicians aware of group allocation? Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation?Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation? Was follow-up complete?Was follow-up complete?

30. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Ardissino JAMA 2004

31. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Were pts randomized?Were pts randomized? Was randomization concealed?Was randomization concealed? Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized?Were pts analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized? Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors?Were pts in the treatment and control groups similar with respect to known prognostic factors? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were pts aware of group allocation?Were pts aware of group allocation? Were clinicians aware of group allocation?Were clinicians aware of group allocation? Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation?Were outcome assessors aware of group allocation? Was follow-up complete?Was follow-up complete?

32. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy Ardissino JAMA 2004

33. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy What are the results?What are the results? How large was the treatment effect?How large was the treatment effect? How precise was the estimate of the treatment effect?How precise was the estimate of the treatment effect? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Were the study patients similar to my patient?Were the study patients similar to my patient? Were all clinically important outcomes considered?Were all clinically important outcomes considered? Are the likely treatment benefits worth the potential harm and costs?Are the likely treatment benefits worth the potential harm and costs?

34. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy

35. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy What are the results?What are the results? How large was the treatment effect?How large was the treatment effect? How precise was the estimate of the treatment effect?How precise was the estimate of the treatment effect? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Were the study patients similar to my patient?Were the study patients similar to my patient? Were all clinically important outcomes considered?Were all clinically important outcomes considered? Are the likely treatment benefits worth the potential harm and costs?Are the likely treatment benefits worth the potential harm and costs?

36. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy

37. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy What are the results?What are the results? How large was the treatment effect?How large was the treatment effect? How precise was the estimate of the treatment effect?How precise was the estimate of the treatment effect? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Were the study patients similar to my patient?Were the study patients similar to my patient? Were all clinically important outcomes considered?Were all clinically important outcomes considered? Are the likely treatment benefits worth the potential harm and costs?Are the likely treatment benefits worth the potential harm and costs?

38. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about therapy

39. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Internal validity appraisal according to The Cochrane Collaboration http://www.cochrane.org 4 MAIN TYPE OF BIAS POTENTIALLY UNDERMINING RCTs Ascertainment biasAscertainment bias Non-uniform adjudication of events Attrition biasAttrition bias Non-uniform follow-up or compliance to treatment Performance biasPerformance bias Non-uniform performance of corollary treatments Selection biasSelection bias The non-random allocation of pts one of the treatment groups

40. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Did the investigators demonstrate similarity in all known determinants of outcome; did they adjust for differences in the analysis?Did the investigators demonstrate similarity in all known determinants of outcome; did they adjust for differences in the analysis? Were exposed patients equally likely to be identified in the two groups?Were exposed patients equally likely to be identified in the two groups? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were the outcomes measured in the same way in the groups being compared?Were the outcomes measured in the same way in the groups being compared? Was follow-up sufficiently complete?Was follow-up sufficiently complete?

41. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm What are the results?What are the results? How strong is the association between exposure and outcome?How strong is the association between exposure and outcome? How precise is the estimate of the risk?How precise is the estimate of the risk? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice?Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice? Was the duration of follow-up adequate?Was the duration of follow-up adequate? What was the magnitude of risk?What was the magnitude of risk? Should I attempt to stop the exposure?Should I attempt to stop the exposure?

42. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Graham Lancet 2005

43. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Did the investigators demonstrate similarity in all known determinants of outcome; did they adjust for differences in the analysis?Did the investigators demonstrate similarity in all known determinants of outcome; did they adjust for differences in the analysis? Were exposed patients equally likely to be identified in the two groups?Were exposed patients equally likely to be identified in the two groups? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were the outcomes measured in the same way in the groups being compared?Were the outcomes measured in the same way in the groups being compared? Was follow-up sufficiently complete?Was follow-up sufficiently complete?

44. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Graham Lancet 2005

45. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Did the investigators demonstrate similarity in all known determinants of outcome; did they adjust for differences in the analysis?Did the investigators demonstrate similarity in all known determinants of outcome; did they adjust for differences in the analysis? Were exposed patients equally likely to be identified in the two groups?Were exposed patients equally likely to be identified in the two groups? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were the outcomes measured in the same way in the groups being compared?Were the outcomes measured in the same way in the groups being compared? Was follow-up sufficiently complete?Was follow-up sufficiently complete?

46. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Graham Lancet 2005

47. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Did the investigators demonstrate similarity in all known determinants of outcome; did they adjust for differences in the analysis?Did the investigators demonstrate similarity in all known determinants of outcome; did they adjust for differences in the analysis? Were exposed patients equally likely to be identified in the two groups?Were exposed patients equally likely to be identified in the two groups? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were the outcomes measured in the same way in the groups being compared?Were the outcomes measured in the same way in the groups being compared? Was follow-up sufficiently complete?Was follow-up sufficiently complete?

48. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Graham Lancet 2005

49. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did experimental and control groups begin the study with a similar prognosis? Did the investigators demonstrate similarity in all known determinants of outcome; did they adjust for differences in the analysis?Did the investigators demonstrate similarity in all known determinants of outcome; did they adjust for differences in the analysis? Were exposed patients equally likely to be identified in the two groups?Were exposed patients equally likely to be identified in the two groups? Did experimental and control groups retain a similar prognosis after the study started? Were the outcomes measured in the same way in the groups being compared?Were the outcomes measured in the same way in the groups being compared? Was follow-up sufficiently complete?Was follow-up sufficiently complete?

50. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Graham Lancet 2005

51. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm What are the results?What are the results? How strong is the association between exposure and outcome?How strong is the association between exposure and outcome? How precise is the estimate of the risk?How precise is the estimate of the risk? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice?Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice? Was the duration of follow-up adequate?Was the duration of follow-up adequate? What was the magnitude of risk?What was the magnitude of risk? Should I attempt to stop the exposure?Should I attempt to stop the exposure?

52. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Graham Lancet 2005

53. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm What are the results?What are the results? How strong is the association between exposure and outcome?How strong is the association between exposure and outcome? How precise is the estimate of the risk?How precise is the estimate of the risk? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice?Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice? Was the duration of follow-up adequate?Was the duration of follow-up adequate? What was the magnitude of risk?What was the magnitude of risk? Should I attempt to stop the exposure?Should I attempt to stop the exposure?

54. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Graham Lancet 2005

55. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm What are the results?What are the results? How strong is the association between exposure and outcome?How strong is the association between exposure and outcome? How precise is the estimate of the risk?How precise is the estimate of the risk? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice?Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice? Was the duration of follow-up adequate?Was the duration of follow-up adequate? What was the magnitude of risk?What was the magnitude of risk? Should I attempt to stop the exposure?Should I attempt to stop the exposure?

56. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Graham Lancet 2005

57. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm What are the results?What are the results? How strong is the association between exposure and outcome?How strong is the association between exposure and outcome? How precise is the estimate of the risk?How precise is the estimate of the risk? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice?Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice? Was the duration of follow-up adequate?Was the duration of follow-up adequate? What was the magnitude of risk?What was the magnitude of risk? Should I attempt to stop the exposure?Should I attempt to stop the exposure?

58. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Graham Lancet 2005

59. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm What are the results?What are the results? How strong is the association between exposure and outcome?How strong is the association between exposure and outcome? How precise is the estimate of the risk?How precise is the estimate of the risk? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice?Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice? Was the duration of follow-up adequate?Was the duration of follow-up adequate? What was the magnitude of risk?What was the magnitude of risk? Should I attempt to stop the exposure?Should I attempt to stop the exposure?

60. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm Graham Lancet 2005

61. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about harm What are the results?What are the results? How strong is the association between exposure and outcome?How strong is the association between exposure and outcome? How precise is the estimate of the risk?How precise is the estimate of the risk? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice?Were the study patients similar to the patient under consideration in my practice? Was the duration of follow-up adequate?Was the duration of follow-up adequate? What was the magnitude of risk?What was the magnitude of risk? Should I attempt to stop the exposure?Should I attempt to stop the exposure?

62. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about diagnostic testing Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did clinicians face diagnostic uncertainty?Did clinicians face diagnostic uncertainty? Was there a blind comparison between the test and an independent gold standard?Was there a blind comparison between the test and an independent gold standard? Did the results being evaluated influence the decision to perform the gold standard?Did the results being evaluated influence the decision to perform the gold standard? What are the results?What are the results? What likelihood ratios were associated with the range of possible test results?What likelihood ratios were associated with the range of possible test results? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Will the reproducibility of the test result and its interpretation be satisfactory in my clinical setting?Will the reproducibility of the test result and its interpretation be satisfactory in my clinical setting? Are the results applicable to the pts in my practice?Are the results applicable to the pts in my practice? Will the results change my management strategy?Will the results change my management strategy? Will pts be better off as a result of the test?Will pts be better off as a result of the test?

63. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about prognosis Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Was the sample of patients representative?Was the sample of patients representative? Were the pts sufficiently homogeneous with respect to prognostic risk?Were the pts sufficiently homogeneous with respect to prognostic risk? Was follow-up sufficiently complete?Was follow-up sufficiently complete? Were objective and unbiased outcome criteria used?Were objective and unbiased outcome criteria used? What are the results?What are the results? How likely are the outcomes over time?How likely are the outcomes over time? How precise are the estimates of likelihood?How precise are the estimates of likelihood? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Were the study pts and their management similar to those in my clinical practice?Were the study pts and their management similar to those in my clinical practice? Was the follow-up sufficiently long?Was the follow-up sufficiently long? Can I use the results in managing pts of my practice?Can I use the results in managing pts of my practice?

64. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Review articles Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did the review explicitly address a sensible clinical question?Did the review explicitly address a sensible clinical question? Was the search for relevant studies detailed and exhaustive?Was the search for relevant studies detailed and exhaustive? Were the primary studies of high methodological quality?Were the primary studies of high methodological quality? Were assessments of studies reproducible?Were assessments of studies reproducible? What are the results?What are the results? Were the results similar from study to study?Were the results similar from study to study? What are the overall results of the review?What are the overall results of the review? How precise were the results?How precise were the results? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? How can I best interpret the results to apply them to the care of patients in my practice?How can I best interpret the results to apply them to the care of patients in my practice? Were all clinically relevant outcomes considered?Were all clinically relevant outcomes considered? Are the benefits worth the costs and potential risks?Are the benefits worth the costs and potential risks?

65. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Treatment guidelines and decision analyses Did the recommendations consider all relevant patient groups, management options, and possible outcomes?Did the recommendations consider all relevant patient groups, management options, and possible outcomes? Is there a systematic review of evidence linking options for each relevant question?Is there a systematic review of evidence linking options for each relevant question? Is there an appropriate specification of values or preferences associated with outcomes?Is there an appropriate specification of values or preferences associated with outcomes? Do the authors indicate the strength of their recommendations?Do the authors indicate the strength of their recommendations?

66. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about economic analyses Are the results valid?Are the results valid? Did the recommendations consider all relevant patient groups, management options, and possible outcomes? Did investigators adopt a sufficiently broad viewpoint?Did investigators adopt a sufficiently broad viewpoint? Are results reported separately for pts whose baseline risk differs?Are results reported separately for pts whose baseline risk differs? Is there a systematic review and summary of evidence linking options to outcomes for each relevant question? Were costs measured accurately?Were costs measured accurately? Did investigators consider the timing of costs and consequences?Did investigators consider the timing of costs and consequences?

67. G. Biondi Zoccai – Ricerca in cardiologia Articles about economic analyses What are the results?What are the results? What were the incremental costs and effects of each strategy?What were the incremental costs and effects of each strategy? Do incremental costs and effects differ between subgroups?Do incremental costs and effects differ between subgroups? How much does allowance for uncertainty change the results?How much does allowance for uncertainty change the results? How can I apply the results to patient care?How can I apply the results to patient care? Are the treatment benefits worth the risks and costs?Are the treatment benefits worth the risks and costs? Can I expect similar costs in my setting?Can I expect similar costs in my setting?