1. PROPAGANDA DEFINITIONS REVISITED: GROUP PROJECT

2. Jowett and O’Donnell Definition Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist

3. deliberate & systematic attempt Propaganda has a purpose; is preoccupied and concerned with effectiveness. Goebbels: “We do not talk to say something, but to obtain certain effect.” Thus, it needs to be systematic: methodical, carrying out something with organized regularity, precise, well-planned

4. to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior Tries to look like informative communication and persuasion Tries to control information flow Ultimate object of propaganda is behavior change

5. to achieve a response that furthers the intent of the propagandist Well-being of the audience is not a primary concern. Does not seek mutual understanding or mutual fulfillment of needs. (often) Conceals true purpose (often) Conceals propagandist’s true identity

6. The source: (usually concealed) White (identified, information tends to be accurate, but biased) Black (unindentified/misindentified and false) Gray

7. The Methods (the means) Concealed Purpose Manufacturing / distorting / withholding information Deliberate Lies / Disinformation The Suppression of Truth The Slanting of News communicating information at predetermined times / to selective audiences

8. Propaganda Example / Group Project Identification of the Propagandist Usually an institution or organization. What type? Who are the leaders? Who are the members? Does the propagandist conceal identity?

9. Propaganda Example / Group Project The Context and Purpose of the Propaganda Campaign What the propagandist wants to accomplish? Explain the beliefs / values / behavior targeted by the propagandist

10. Propaganda Example / Group Project The Target Audience How is the target audience identified and reached?

11. Propaganda Example / Group Project Media Utilization Techniques: Which media? One dominant or a combination of many? Types of Techniques Source Credibility Reward and Punishment Arousal of Emotions: Visual Symbols, Language, Music

12. “Daisy” Ad 1964 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExjDzDsgbww Propagandist: President Johnson Context: War in Vietnam / Cold war Target: American Public, families, young people Media: Television national ad Methods: appeal to family life, love for children, fear; arousal of emotions

13. “Morning in America” Ad 84 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EU-IBF8nwSY&feature=related Propagandist: President Reagan Context: National Prosperity / Peace Target: American Public, families, young people Media: Television national ad Methods: credibility of the source; appeal to continuity, family life; arousal of emotions

14. “Swiftboats Veterans” Ad ‘04 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngjUkPbGwAg&feature=related Propagandist: Swiftboats veterans Context: Leadership / Trust / Presidency Target: American public; independents; military families; older Americans Media: Television national ad Methods: credibility of the source; appeal to patriotism; arousal of emotions

15. Russian Propaganda in Crimea March 2014

16. Rebranding the revolution Appeal to fear: Fascism A constant theme spouting from Russian sources has been the Ukrainian revolution’s alliance with “fascists” – a vague word that’s become a catchall for anti-Semites, terrorists, insurgents, anarchists and thugs. Fear (“Fascists are coming for your family!”) and confusion (“Fascists? Are there fascists? What’s a fascist?”) matters much more in propaganda than truth (not so many fascists). It doesn’t have to make sense – in fact it’s better if it doesn’t.

17. Rebranding the revolution Appeal to fear: the West Putin has insisted that Yanukovych’s ouster was not just illegal but a coup, and he has pointed fingers at the west for orchestrating and backing the culprits. Considering Russia’s control over media, this alternate version of events – it wasn’t a revolution, but a coup – is not only not absurd, but a direct appeal to skepticism toward the west and its history of meddling.