1. Searching and Sorting 14ACEHRPT Copyright © 2011 by Maria Litvin, Gary Litvin, and Skylight Publishing. All rights reserved. Java Methods Object-Oriented Programming and Data Structures Maria Litvin ● Gary Litvin 2nd AP edition  with GridWorld

2. 14-2 Objectives: Learn about the three ways to compare objects in Java Learn the following algorithms  Sequential and Binary Search  Selection Sort and Insertion Sort  Mergesort and Quicksort Learn about the java.util.Arrays and java.util.Collections classes

3. 14-3 Comparing Objects in Java boolean result = obj1.equals(obj2); int diff = obj1.compareTo(obj2); int diff = c.compare(obj1, obj2);

4. 14-4 obj1.equals(obj2) The boolean method equals comes from the class Object: Object’s equals is not very useful: compares addresses of objects Programmers often override equals in their classes public boolean equals(Object other) {... }

5. 14-5 obj1.equals(obj2) (cont’d) public class Pet { private String name;... public boolean equals (Object other) { if (other != null) return name.equals(((Pet)other).name); else return false; } Or: if (other instanceof Pet) instanceof is a boolean operator in Java

6. 14-6 obj1.equals(obj2) (cont’d) equals is called polymorphically from library methods, such as ArrayList’s contains or indexOf  that is why we have to properly override Object’s equals. The equals method is properly defined in String, Integer, Double, etc.

7. 14-7 obj1.compareTo(obj2) compareTo is an abstract method defined in the java.util.Comparable interface: Returns a positive integer if obj1 is “greater than” obj2, a negative integer if obj1 is “less than” obj2, zero if they are “equal.” public int compareTo (T other); Sort of like obj1 - obj2 T is the type parameter

8. 14-8 obj1.compareTo(obj2) (cont’d) public class Pet implements Comparable { private String name;... public int compareTo(Pet other) { return name.compareTo(other.name); } public boolean equals(Object other) { return other instanceof Pet && compareTo((Pet)other) == 0; } equals is not required by Comparable, but it is a good idea to provide it and make it agree with compareTo

9. 14-9 obj1.compareTo(obj2) (cont’d) compareTo is called polymorphically from library methods, such as Arrays.binarySearch(Object[ ] arr). Objects of classes that implement Comparable are called “comparable” (pronounced com-'parable). Strings, Integers, Doubles are comparable.

10. 14-10 obj1.compareTo(obj2) (cont’d) «interface» Comparable String compareTo is based on lexicographical order «interface» Comparable «interface» Comparable IntegerDouble compareTo is based on numerical values

11. 14-11 compare(obj1, obj2) compare is an abstract method defined in the java.util.Comparator interface: Returns a positive integer if obj1 is “greater than” obj2, a negative integer if obj1 is “less than” obj2, zero if they are “equal.” public int compare (T obj1, T obj2); Sort of like obj1 - obj2 T is the type parameter

12. 14-12 compare (obj1, obj2) (cont’d) public class PetComparatorByName implements Comparator {... public int compare (Pet pet1, Pet pet2) { return pet1.getName(). compareTo(pet2.getName()); }

13. 14-13 compare(obj1, obj2) (cont’d) A programmer can define different comparators to be used in different situations. compare is called from library methods, such as Arrays.sort(T [ ] arr, Comparator c) (or from your own methods) that take a comparator object as a parameter.

14. 14-14 Sequential Search Scans the list comparing the target value to each element. Amy 5 Ben 3 Cal 2 Dan 0 Eve 6 Fay 1 Guy 4 Amy? Amy!

15. 14-15 Sequential Search (cont’d) public int sequentialSearch(Object [ ] arr, Object value) { for (int i = 0; i < arr.length ; i++) { if (value.equals(arr [i])) return i; } return  1; } For primitive data types it is if (value == arr [ i ])

16. 14-16 Sequential Search (cont’d) The average number of comparisons (assuming the target value is equal to one of the elements of the array, randomly chosen) is about n / 2 (where n = arr.length). Worst case: n comparisons. Also n comparisons are needed to establish that the target value is not in the array. We say that this is an O(n) (order of n) algorithm.

17. 14-17 Binary Search The elements of the list must be arranged in ascending (or descending) order. The target value is always compared with the middle element of the remaining search range. We must have random access to the elements of the list (an array or ArrayList are OK).

18. 14-18 Binary Search (cont’d) Fay 5 Dan 3 Cal 2 Amy 0 Guy 6 Ben 1 Eve 4 Eve? Fay 5 Dan 3 Cal 2 Amy 0 Guy 6 Ben 1 Eve 4 Fay 5 Dan 3 Cal 2 Amy 0 Guy 6 Ben 1 Eve 4 Eve?Eve!

19. 14-19 Binary Search (cont’d) Recursive implementation: public int binarySearch (int [ ] arr, int value, int left, int right) { if (right < left) return  1; // Not found int middle = (left + right) / 2; if (value == arr [middle] ) return middle; else if (value < arr[middle]) return binarySearch (arr, value, left, middle  1); else // if ( value > arr[middle]) return binarySearch (arr, value, middle + 1, right); }

20. 14-20 Binary Search (cont’d) Iterative implementation: public int binarySearch (int [ ] arr, int value, int left, int right) { while (left <= right) { int middle = (left + right) / 2; if ( value == arr [middle] ) return middle; else if ( value < arr[middle] ) right = middle - 1; else // if ( value > arr[middle] ) left = middle + 1; } return  1; // Not found }

21. 14-21 Binary Search (cont’d) A “divide and conquer” algorithm. Works very fast: only 20 comparisons are needed for an array of 1,000,000 elements; (30 comparisons can handle 1,000,000,000 elements; etc.). We say that this is an O(log n) algorithm.

22. 14-22 Sorting To sort means to rearrange the elements of a list in ascending or descending order. Examples of sorting applications:  a directory of files sorted by name or date  bank checks sorted by account #  addresses in a mailing list sorted by zip code  hits found by a search engine sorted by relevance  credit card transactions sorted by date

23. 14-23 Sorting (cont’d) The algorithms discussed here are based on “honest” comparison of values stored in an array. No tricks. How fast can we sort an array of n elements?  If we compare each element to each other we need n(n-1) / 2 comparisons (that is, n 2 by the “order of magnitude.”)  Faster “divide and conquer” sorting algorithms need approximately n·log 2 n comparisons (much better).

24. 14-24 Sorting (cont’d) n Time n2n2 n log 2 n n 10 100 1000 n 2 100 10,000 1,000,000 n log 2 n 35 700 10,000

25. 14-25 Selection Sort 1. Select the max among the first n elements: 2. Swap it with the n-th element : 3. Decrement n by 1 and repeat from Step 1 (while n > 1) 11385213 n 1 85213 n 1 85213 n

26. 14-26 Selection Sort (cont’d) Iterative implementation: public void selectionSort (double [ ] arr, int n) { while (n > 1) { int maxPos = 0; for (int k = 1; k < n; k++) if (arr [k] > arr [maxPos] ) maxPos = k; double temp = arr [maxPos]; arr [maxPos] = arr [n  1]; arr [n  1] = temp; n  ; } swap a[maxPos] and a[n-1]

27. 14-27 Selection Sort (cont’d) The total number of comparisons is always (n-1) + (n-2) +... + 1 = n(n-1) / 2 No average, best, or worst case — always the same. An O(n 2 ) algorithm.

28. 14-28 Insertion Sort 1. k = 1; keep the first k elements in order. 2. Take the (k+1)-th element and insert among the first k in the right place. 3. Increment k by 1; repeat from Step 2 (while k < n) 1 13 8 5 2 13 k 1 85213 k

29. 14-29 Insertion Sort (cont’d) Iterative implementation: public void insertionSort (double [ ] arr, int n) { for (int k = 1 ; k < n; k++) { double temp = arr [ k ]; int i = k; while (i > 0 && arr [i-1] > temp) { arr [i] = arr [i - 1]; i --; } arr [i] = temp; } shift to the right

30. 14-30 Insertion Sort (cont’d) The average number of comparisons is roughly half of the number in Selection Sort. The best case is when the array is already sorted: takes only (n-1) comparisons. The worst case is n(n-1) / 2 when the array is sorted in reverse order. On average, an O(n 2 ) algorithm.

31. 14-31 Mergesort 1. Split the array into two roughly equal “halves.” 2. Sort (recursively) each half using... Mergesort. 3. Merge the two sorted halves together. 5463271 1765243 76 5 4 132 The smaller value goes first 31 2

32. 14-32 Mergesort (cont’d) public void mergesort (double[ ] arr, int from, int to) { if (from <= to) return; int middle = (from + to ) / 2; mergesort (arr, from, middle); mergesort (arr, middle + 1, to); if (arr [middle] > arr [middle + 1]) { copy (arr, from, to, temp) ; merge (temp, from, middle, to, arr); } double[ ] temp is initialized outside the mergesort method Optional shortcut: “if not yet sorted”... Base case

33. 14-33 Mergesort (cont’d) Takes roughly n·log 2 n comparisons. Without the shortcut, there is no best or worst case. With the optional shortcut, the best case is when the array is already sorted: takes only (n - 1) comparisons. An O(n log n) algorithm.

34. 14-34 Quicksort 1. Pick one element, called “pivot” 2. Partition the array, so that all the elements to the left of pivot are  pivot; all the elements to the right of pivot are  pivot. 3.Sort recursively the left and the right segments using... Quicksort. 5436271 4563271

35. 14-35 Quicksort (cont’d) Takes roughly n·log 2 n comparisons. May get slow if pivot consistently fails to split the array into approximately equal halves. An O(n log n) algorithm.

36. 14-36 The Benchmarks program Enter the array size Running time in milliseconds Choose the sorting algorithm

37. 14-37 java.util.Random Benchmarks uses the java.util.Random class — a more controlled way to generate random numbers. Constructors: If we set the same seed, we get the same “random” sequence. Random generator1 = new Random(); Random generator2 = new Random(seed); long seed; the seed is different each time

38. 14-38 java.util.Random (cont’d) Methods: int k = generator.nextInt (n); double x = generator.nextDouble (); 0  k < n 0  x < 1

39. 14-39 java.util.Arrays Provides static methods for dealing with arrays. Works for arrays of numbers, Strings, and Objects. Methods: int pos = Arrays.binarySearch (arr, target); Arrays.sort (arr); Arrays.fill (arr, value); // fills arr with a given value String str = Arrays.toString(arr); Arrays.asList(arr); Returns a representation of arr as a fixed-length list

40. 14-40 java.util.Collections Provides static methods for dealing with ArrayLists and other Java collections. Works for arrays of numbers, Strings, and Objects. Methods: int pos = Collections.binarySearch (list, target); Collections.sort (list); Collections.shuffle (list);

41. 14-41 Review: What is the type of the parameter in the equals method? How many methods are listed in the Comparable interface? What is a comparator? How many comparisons are needed in the worst case to find the target value among 15 values using Sequential Search? Using Binary Search?

42. 14-42 Review (cont’d): Describe briefly the main idea of Selection Sort. Describe briefly the main idea of Insertion Sort. Is it easier to implement Mergesort recursively or iteratively? What is the average number of comparisons in Mergesort? Name a few methods of the java.util.Arrays class.