1. The Enlightenment 1650ish-1800

2. Essential Questions: O Who should govern a nation? O How powerful/pervasive should that force of government be? O What’s the role of religion in society? O Should religion have a place in government? O How important is science to society?

3. Causes

4. Middle Ages O Europe: Feudalistic society O Kings had divine right to rule O No way to break free from the hierarchy— constraining

5. Renaissance Humanism O People are capable of thinking for themselves. O Individual Education (Humanities: grammar, rhetoric, Greek, history, moral philosophy, poetry) Erasmus, Holbein

6. Later Issues (15-1700s) O Absolute monarchs O Government out of touch with its constituents O Nearly impossible to advance socially (no rags to riches) O Aristocracy became ruling class with advent of parliamentary systems of gov’t  Louis XIV (1638-1715)

7. “L’état, c’est moi.” “The state is me,” Louis XIV

8. The Three Estates, France O 17 th century O First estate: Louis XVI and clerics, most resources. Did not pay taxes. O Second estate: Noblemen and women, self- centered. Did not pay taxes. O Third estate (largest): Workers, artisans, etc. Did most of the work. Tax burden fell exclusively on them. No representation.

9. The Enlightenment O Occurred between approximate years of 1650s-1800 O Explosion in radical thought about organization of society and purpose of government O Value of Experimenting O Oxygen was named during this time period as was the idea of the element. O Lack of care for national borders O Philosophes O Descartes, Hobbes, Locke, Voltaire, Newton, Rousseau, Montesquieu

10. Philosophes

11. Thomas Hobbes, 1588- 1679 O Absolutist O Leviathan (1651) O All individuals are naturally equal, but… O Leviathan=sea monster that devoured ships…used here as a symbol for the government., created to impose order

12. John Locke, 1632-1704 O Tabula Rasa: blank slate O Importance of environment and reason vs. heredity and faith O No “divine right” O Man has natural rights: O Life O Liberty O Property O Gov’t that doesn’t approve should be abolished.

13. Baron de Montesquieu, 1689- 1755 O Believed in three branches of government with checks and balances

14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712- 1778 O Wrote about distaste for political and economic oppression O Good of the community > the individual O Government determined by its citizens

15. Exit Ticket O On your index card: 1. Briefly compare the Three Estates with the Middle Ages. 2. What is one of the Enlightenment’s essential questions? 3. What are philosophes? Name at least one. O Make sure you include your name.

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