1. Chapter 6.1 Child Development
Labor and Birth
Chapter 6.1 Child Development

2. Prenatal Development Preparing for Birth 40 weeks +/- 2 weeks
Baby is shifting down
Baby usually shifts into the head down

3. The Baby’s Arrival Lightening occurs
Baby settles lower in pelvis
Lightening may occur at different times
When does lightening typically occur?
First baby – few weeks before
Later baby – few days before

4. The Baby’s Arrival What are the Early Signs of Labor?
“show” or “bloody show”
Mucus that plugs the uterus during pregnancy dissolves
May occur a few days before birth

5. The Baby’s Arrival Water breaks
Amniotic sac holding the amniotic fluid has broken
Can be a trickle or a gush
Sometimes happens when you are already at the hospital
How soon should you deliver after the water breaks, and why?
within hours after this to protect the baby from infection

6. The Baby’s Arrival Contractions
Tightening and releasing of muscles of the uterus
Starts with shorter contractions more spaced out
Builds up to frequent and long durations
Is there lingering pain after the Baby is born from the contractions?
Nope!

7. The Baby’s Arrival Fetal Monitoring
Doctor’s monitor baby’s heart rate for indicators of stress throughout labor and birth

8. The Baby’s Arrival Inducing Labor
Medication or “breaking the water” can start the labor process

9. The Baby’s Arrival False Labor
Can happen hours or days before actual labor
What signs do doctors look for to indicate false labor?
Contractions are not regular
Don’t become stronger over time
End with light exercise, such as walking

10. The Baby’s Arrival Stages of Labor Stage 1:
Contractions open the cervix
Can take 6-18 hours
Stage 2:
The baby is born
1-2 hours for a first child, less after
Stage 3:
The placenta is expelled
10 – 30 minutes

11. The Baby’s Arrival First Stage Transition
Contractions – cervix dilates
Last about 60 seconds
5-6 minutes apart
Transition
Cervix is fully dilated to 10 cm
Contractions last 90 seconds and are 2-3 minutes apart
Most difficult time of labor

12. First Stage of Labor

13. Effacement

14. Second Stage of Labor Second stage of labor Push the baby out
What is “relaxin” ?
Hormone that allows pelvic bones and vaginal walls to stretch like rubber bands
Baby’s head has a soft skull with five bones

15. Second Stage of Labor What if Baby is having trouble getting out?
Episiotomy
Forceps
Vacuum Extractor

16. The Baby’s Arrival Third Stage of Labor Expel placenta
Mom gets to rest briefly first, easy push

17. Third Stage of Labor Cord Blood What can stem cells be used for?
Blood left in umbilical cord and placenta after birth
Contains Stem Cells
What can stem cells be used for?
used to create all types of blood cells
May be useful in treating blood-related illnesses

18. The Baby’s Arrival Cesarean Birth or C-Section
Baby delivered through an incision in the abdomen
What are the reasons for a C-Section
Lack of progress
Breech presentation
Multiple births

19. Baby in Amniotic Sac

20. The Baby’s Arrival Premature Birth
Babies born before 37 weeks
5-6% of all babies are born premature
What are common risk factors for a premature baby?
Mother’s who have already had a premature baby
Mothers carrying twins or more
Teenage mothers

21. The Baby’s Arrival Premature Babies…
Are not ready to live outside mother’s womb
Baby’s brain is not yet able to control body temperature, breathing and feeding
Baby will be placed in an incubator
How can you reduce your risk or premature delivery?
eat properly and getting proper prenatal care

23. Activity
Imagine that you are a nurse in the hospital’s birthing center. You receive the following phone calls from pregnant women or their spouses. How would you respond to the calls? Talk with a partner and write your responses.

24. Scenario 1
“Nurse, my wife is having contractions! I think we should get her to the hospital right away!”

25. Scenario 2
“Nurse, I’m really worried. A gush of fluid just flowed out of me. Does that mean the baby is in danger? What should I do?”

26. Scenario 3
“My contractions are five minutes apart. They’ve been holding steadily at about this cycle for more than an hour now. I’ve tried walking around, but the contractions continued. They’re so strong but not painful. Since I’ve already had two babies, I think I should go to the hospital soon- my last labor was very fast.”

27. Scenario 4
“Nurse, I’m having contractions eight minutes apart, and a little fluid is coming out. I’ve been pregnant only 35 weeks, so this is false labor, right?”

28. The Newborn
Chapter 6.2

29. The Newborn How does the newborn feel at first?
Tiny fingers and toes may be cold
Keeping baby wrapped in blankets helps
Knitted cap keeps their heads warm
Hospitals usually put baby under warming lamps

30. The Newborn Lanugo Fine, downy hair Foreheads, back and shoulders
More common in premature babies
Soon disappears

31. Lanugo

32. The Newborn Vernix Thick, white cheesy substance
Protects against constant exposure to moisture
Usually mostly gone by due date
Earlier baby is born, the more vernix there will be

33. Vernix

34. Baby born late…

35. Lanugo and Vernix – 24 Weeks

36. The Newborn Milia Tiny white bumps Nose and cheeks “baby acne”
Last 7-10 days

37. The Newborn Umbilical Cord Stump
Clamp placed on stump to prevent bleeding
Removed before you go home

38. Umbilical Cord Stump

39. Long Finger and Toe Nails

40. The Newborn Stork Bites and Angel Kisses Red discoloration
Typically on the back of the baby's neck or face
Usually fade over time
May return to a red color if the person is upset

41. The Newborn Apgar Scale Rates physical condition of baby
Five factors checked at
One minute
Five minutes
“Score” baby between 0 and 2 for each area
Normal score – 6-10
Perfect Score – 10
Lower score means baby may need help

42. Apgar Scale

43. The Newborn Right after birth, the nurses examine baby
Weight and height
Dry off baby
Apply antibiotic drops to eyes to prevent infection
Injection of Vitamin K to prevent rare bleeding disorder

44. Chapter 6.3 Child Development
The Postnatal Period
Chapter 6.3 Child Development

45. The Postnatal Period How can you bond with a newborn?
holding
Rocking
Singing to baby
Why is bonding important?
Help the baby’s brain to develop

46. The Postnatal Period Immediately after birth, if baby is healthy…
Baby placed on mother’s tummy
Baby can feel warm skin
Hear mom’s heartbeat and voice
Parents begin touching and talking to baby
Eye contact
Baby immediately will focus on parents face

47. The Postnatal Period If baby will be breastfed… What is Colostrum?
Mom may begin nursing baby right away
Baby is alert and has strong suck reflex at birth
Each feeding session stimulates mom’s body to produce more milk
What is Colostrum?
high calorie, high protein early milk satisfies baby’s appetite and provides protection from illnesses

48. The Postnatal Period Nurses will help with feeding
All babies lose weight during first few days of life
Nurses in hospital will help with advice on bottle or breast feeding
What is a Lactation Consultant?
Professional breastfeeding specialists
Show mom how to encourage enough milk and position baby
Suggestions for feeding a sleepy baby

49. The Postnatal Period Caring for Premature Babies
Many preemie’s spend time (few days to month or more) in NICU until organs develop enough to function independently
Premature babies are usually fed through a tube in their stomach
Lack ability to coordinate sucking and swallowing milk
Breathing machines often used

50. The Postnatal Period Premature babies Babies born
Have increased risk of medical and developmental problems
How well baby does often depends on how close baby was born to actual due date
Babies born
23-26 weeks have highest risk of complications
Risks decrease at weeks

51. The Postnatal Period When are premature babies able to go home?
Breathe without a machine
Drink (suck and swallow milk)
Maintain a steady body temperature
Maintain a weight of 5 lbs or more

52. The Postnatal Period Neonatal period: How long until you can go home?
First month after delivery
How long until you can go home?
hospital – 2-3 days
Alternative Birth center – 12 hours

53. The Postnatal Period Jaundice Happens in over 50% of newborns
Causes baby’s skin and eyes to look yellow
Occurs when baby’s liver can’t remove billirubin
Untreated, jaundice can damage the nervous system

54. The Postnatal Period Rooming-In Advantages
Means that baby stays with parents in hospital
Advantages
Babies cry less
Generally have only one nurse
Mom gets more rest
Parents start learning how to care for baby right away

55. The Postnatal Period The Legal Stuff (Documentation) Birth Certificate
Need for entrance in to school
Parents and federal government both get one copy
Social Security Number
Need to claim tax exemption
Obtain medical insurance coverage
Take part in government programs

56. The Postnatal Period After the birth… Mom may be physically exhausted
Hormone levels change
Mom’s sleep may be interrupted by hungry baby
If nursing, body is getting used to milk production

57. The Postnatal Period
How is it different for mothers who have a c-section?
Stay in hospital longer
Often are more fatigued
Have a longer recovery time

58. The Postnatal Period Physical Needs of New Mom Rest Exercise
Try to sleep whenever baby sleeps
Exercise
Stretching and walking short distances
Good Nutrition
Especially important for nursing moms
Plenty of fluids
Medical Checkups
4-6 weeks postpartum

59. The Postnatal Period Emotional Needs of a New Mom
Many women feel confused after birth
Mood swings are common
May cry for no reason
Feel irritable, anxious or sad
“baby blues” are very common – approx 50%

60. The Postnatal Period Postpartum depression Symptoms may include
Intense feelings of sadness or crying a lot
Having no energy
Being overly anxious about the baby
Having little interest in the baby
Thinking of causing harm to self or baby
Treatment is available
Very important to talk with doctor about this

61. The Postnatal Period
What is the difference between postpartum depression and “baby blues?”
When symptoms continue or worsen over time.