1. 2015--2016 DR /Noha Elsayed

2. Course outline 1.Learning outcome 2.The Human Body&Orientation

3. Learning outcome By the end of this lesson the student will be able to: Use anatomical terms to describe the relative positions of the body parts, the regions of the body, and the planes by which the body can be sectioned. List the cavities of the body, and state their locations. Name the organs located in each of the body cavities. Name the membranes that line each body cavity and adhere to the organs. Define anatomy and physiology, and explain how they are related. Describe each level of organization of the body with reference to an example.

4. INTRODUCTION Anatomy – the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts & their relationships to one another. The term anatomy comes from the Greek words meaning to cut (tomy) apart ( ana).

5. – Gross anatomy( macroscopic anatomy) – the study of large, easily observable structures (by naked eye), such as the heart or bone. – Microscopic anatomy (cytology, histology) – the study of very small structures, where a magnifying lens or microscope is needed. – Gross anatomy( macroscopic anatomy) – the study of large, easily observable structures (by naked eye), such as the heart or bone. – Microscopic anatomy (cytology, histology) – the study of very small structures, where a magnifying lens or microscope is needed.

6. Physiology – the study of how the body and its parts work or function physio =nature, ology = the study of. Like anatomy, physiology has many subdivisions. For example, neurophysiology explains the working of the nervous system, and cardiac physiology studies the function of the heart. Physiology – the study of how the body and its parts work or function physio =nature, ology = the study of. Like anatomy, physiology has many subdivisions. For example, neurophysiology explains the working of the nervous system, and cardiac physiology studies the function of the heart.

7. Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology:- Anatomy and Physiology are always related. Structure determines what functions can take place. For example, the lungs are not muscular chambers like the heart and can not pump blood, but because the walls of lungs are very thin, they can exchange gasses and provide oxygen to the body.

8. Directional Terms Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body Medial, lateral – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure

9. Directional Terms Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface

10. The eyes are SUPERIOR to the mouth. The mouth is INFERIOR to the eyes.

11. The upper arm is PROXIMAL The arm is DISTAL TO THE TRUNK or MIDLINE OF THE BODY The Extremities have a different set of terms

12. SKIN SUPERFICIAL – toward the surface DEEP – away from the surface

13. REGIONAL TERMS NAMES OF SPECIFIC BODY AREA 1.Axial region (main axis): Trunk further divided - Thorax - Abdomen - Pelvis - Perineum 2. Appendicular region Appendages/extremities

16. PLANES OF THE BODY Body sections - 4 main planes of reference: Sagittal plane – Midsagittal/Parasagital Coronal (frontal) plane Transverse plane Oblique section

18. BODY PLANES Sagittal Plane– divides the body into right and left parts Coronal Plane ( Frontal) – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse Plane (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts Oblique section –– divides the body into superior and inferior parts cuts made diagonally Mid sagittal Mid sagittal – sagittal plane that lies on the midline

19. Levels of Structural Organization The human body exhibits 6 levels of structural complexity : 1- Chemical level, At this level atoms combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, & proteins 2- Cellular level the smallest units of living things. 3- Tissue level, groups of similar cells that have a common function (4 basic types) Levels of Structural Organization The human body exhibits 6 levels of structural complexity : 1- Chemical level, At this level atoms combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, & proteins 2- Cellular level the smallest units of living things. 3- Tissue level, groups of similar cells that have a common function (4 basic types)

20. 4- Organ level, an organ is a structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that performs a specific function. 5- Organ System is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose (each organ has its own job to do) 6- Organismal level, represents the highest level of structural organization( total of 11 organ systems) 4- Organ level, an organ is a structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that performs a specific function. 5- Organ System is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose (each organ has its own job to do) 6- Organismal level, represents the highest level of structural organization( total of 11 organ systems)

22. Body Cavities and Membranes Dorsal Body Cavity - cranial cavity - vertebral cavity Ventral Body Cavity - contains the viscera 1. thoracic cavity a. Pleural cavity b. Mediastinal cavit c. Pericardial cavity 2. abdominopelvic cavity a. Abdominal cavity b. Pelvic cavity

23. Serous Cavities parietal layer - Lines the body walls. visceral layer – lines the organs Serous fluid water between the layers is the serous fluid

24. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE: When the body is subjected to physical trauma (as often happens in an automobile accident), the abdominopelvic organs are most vulnerable. This is because the walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are not reinforced by bone. The pelvic organs receive a somewhat greater degree of protection from the bony pelvis. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE: When the body is subjected to physical trauma (as often happens in an automobile accident), the abdominopelvic organs are most vulnerable. This is because the walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are not reinforced by bone. The pelvic organs receive a somewhat greater degree of protection from the bony pelvis.

25. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants Because the abdominopelvic cavity is large and contains several organs, it helps to divide it into smaller areas for study. One division method,uses one median sagittal plane and one transverse plane that passes through the umbilicus at right angles. Two division method used primarily by anatomists, uses two transverse and two parasagittal planes. These planes, divide the cavity into nine regions : -The umbilical region is the centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel). Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants Because the abdominopelvic cavity is large and contains several organs, it helps to divide it into smaller areas for study. One division method,uses one median sagittal plane and one transverse plane that passes through the umbilicus at right angles. Two division method used primarily by anatomists, uses two transverse and two parasagittal planes. These planes, divide the cavity into nine regions : -The umbilical region is the centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel).

28. Abdominal Quadrants Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants – Right upper and left upper quadrants – Right lower and left lower quadrants

29. Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions

30. -The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region (epi = upon, above; gastri = belly). -The hypogastric (pubic) region is located inferior to the umbilical region (hypo = below). -The right and left iliac, or inguinal, regions (ing′gwĭ-nal) are located lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip bone). -The right and left lumbar regions lie lateral to the umbilical region (lumbus = loin). -The right and left hypochondriac regions flank the epigastric region laterally (chondro = cartilage). -The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region (epi = upon, above; gastri = belly). -The hypogastric (pubic) region is located inferior to the umbilical region (hypo = below). -The right and left iliac, or inguinal, regions (ing′gwĭ-nal) are located lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip bone). -The right and left lumbar regions lie lateral to the umbilical region (lumbus = loin). -The right and left hypochondriac regions flank the epigastric region laterally (chondro = cartilage).

31. A simpler scheme to localize the abdominopelvic cavity organs is to imagine one transverse and one median sagittal plane pass through the umbilicus at right angles. The resulting quadrants are named according to their positions from the subject’s point of view: right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ). A simpler scheme to localize the abdominopelvic cavity organs is to imagine one transverse and one median sagittal plane pass through the umbilicus at right angles. The resulting quadrants are named according to their positions from the subject’s point of view: right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ).

33. THANK YOU