1. Review Slides

2. The Basics

3. Latitude and Longitude The earth is divided into lots of lines called latitude and longitude.

4. Where is 0 degree? The equator is 0 degree latitude. It is an imaginary belt that runs halfway point between the North Pole and the South Pole. Equator

5. Where is 0 degree? The prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude. This imaginary line runs through the United Kingdom, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.

7. Projection Maps Every flat map misrepresents the surface of the Earth in some way A map projection is used to portray all or part of the round Earth on a flat surface – no best projection map True directions, True distances, True areas, and True shapes = GLOBE

8. Diffusion RelocationExpansion Hierarchical Stimulus Contagious The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time

9. Relocation Diffusion The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another. Occurs most frequently through migration

10. Expansion Diffusion An innovation or idea develops in a hear and remains strong there while also spreading outward.

11. Hierarchical Diffusion (Type of Expansion) The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons of places.

12. Contagious diffusion (Type of Expansion) The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

13. Stimulus Diffusion (Type of Expansion) The spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse.

14. Global vs. Glocal Example McDonalds: Globalization: found world wide Glocalization: Dependant on location of McDonalds depends on the menu…developed to help appeal to peoples tastes. Examples: For promotions in France, the restaurant chain recently chose to replace its familiar Ronald McDonald mascot with Asterix the Gaul, a popular French cartoon character. In India, no hamburgers- beef or pork- are served due to the high population of residents that practice Hindu (which preaches non-violence)

15. Acculturation Adoption of cultural traits by one group under the influence of another Language

16. Population Movement Today to communicate with Australia is easier than it has been …it could take seconds on a computer! Friction of distance has been reduced (Friction of distance- the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance) Distance Decay- Effects of distance on interaction, generally the great the distance the less interaction

17. Population Movement space-time compression -- process of coming closer together and more in contact with each other, even though the real distance remains the same. The friction distance is being reduced through the space-time compression, and consequently spatial interaction is increasing.

18. Population Movement Spatial interaction – The interaction between two places, whether through communication, economic transaction, or migration and travel.

19. Population Movement NODE: a connecting point at which several lines/ideas come together

20. Political Geography

21. State State – a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government. To be a state, an entity must be recognized by such by other states.

22. Territory The delimited area over which a state exercises control and which is recognized by other states

23. Nations Nation – a culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals. People construct nations to make sense of themselves. Nations are “imagined communities” -Benedict Anderson imagined = you will never meet all the people in your nation community = you see yourself as part of it

24. Multinational State – A state with more than one nation. The Former Yugoslavia

25. Three Tier Structure Core Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology * Generate more wealth in the world economy Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery. * Serves as a buffer between core and periphery Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology * Generate less wealth in the world economy

26. Boundary – a vertical plane that cuts through the rocks below and the airspace above, dividing one state territory from another.

27. Establishing Boundaries Define Delimit Demarcate Administrate

28. Types of Boundaries Geometric boundaries – based on grid systems Boundary between the US and Canada Physical-political boundaries – follow an agreed-upon feature in the physical geographic landscape. Boundary between the US and Mexico