1. Diversity in water resources, costs and energy consumption Leonard Carcolé 20 th March 2009

2. Current data of water supply in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area

3. Greater Barcelona area 3,4 million inhabitants served 426 km 2 served 211 hm 3 annual consumption 4,470 km long network 2008 figures:

4. BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS + REVERSE OSMOSIS BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS + REVERSE OSMOSIS Greater Barcelona water supply today LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS EL PRAT DESALINATION PLANT EL PRAT DESALINATION PLANT CARDEDEU WTP CARDEDEU WTP ABRERA WTP + RED ABRERA WTP + RED SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP + REVERSE OSMOSIS SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP + REVERSE OSMOSIS

5. The history of different resources

6. The Dosrius aqueduct (1867-1899) DOSRIUS AQUEDUCT 0.004 kWh/m 3 0.0006 €/m 3 DOSRIUS AQUEDUCT 0.004 kWh/m 3 0.0006 €/m 3 The Dosrius aqueduct Nou Barris, Barcelona 30 km away

7. Collection wells in Llobregat and Besòs aquifers (1890-1950) LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 Steam engine and pump Cornellà 1909 DOSRIUS AQUEDUCT 0.004 kWh/m 3 0.0004 €/m 3 DOSRIUS AQUEDUCT 0.004 kWh/m 3 0.0004 €/m 3 30 km away

8. Sant Joan Despí Water Treatment Plant (1955-1959) SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP 0.14 kWh/m 3 0.105 €/m 3 SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP 0.14 kWh/m 3 0.105 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 River Llobregat

9. Cardedeu Water Treatment Plant (1966) CARDEDEU WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.090 €/m 3 CARDEDEU WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.090 €/m 3 River Ter (60 km away) WTP Cardedeu 1966 SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP 0.14 kWh/m 3 0.105 €/m 3 SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP 0.14 kWh/m 3 0.105 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 River Llobregat

10. Abrera Water Treatment Plant (1980) CARDEDEU WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.090 €/m 3 CARDEDEU WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.090 €/m 3 River Ter (60 km away) WTP Abrera 1980 SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP 0.14 kWh/m 3 0.105 €/m 3 SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP 0.14 kWh/m 3 0.105 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 ABRERA WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.104 €/m 3 ABRERA WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.104 €/m 3 River Llobregat

11. Besòs Reverse Osmosis Plant (2004) River Ter (60 km away) Reverse Osmosis Besòs 2004 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS + REVERSE OSMOSIS 1.43 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS + REVERSE OSMOSIS 1.43 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP 0.14 kWh/m 3 0.105 €/m 3 SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP 0.14 kWh/m 3 0.105 €/m 3 CARDEDEU WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.090 €/m 3 CARDEDEU WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.090 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 ABRERA WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.104 €/m 3 ABRERA WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.104 €/m 3 River Llobregat

12. Sant Joan Despí Reverse Osmosis Plant + Abrera Reverse Electrodialysis Plant (2009) ABRERA WTP + RED 0.816 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 ABRERA WTP + RED 0.816 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 River Ter (60 km away) WTP + Reverse Osmosis Sant Joan Despí 2009 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS + REVERSE OSMOSIS 1.43 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS + REVERSE OSMOSIS 1.43 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP + REVERSE OSMOSIS 0.85 kWh/m 3 0.150 €/m 3 SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP + REVERSE OSMOSIS 0.85 kWh/m 3 0.150 €/m 3 CARDEDEU WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.090 €/m 3 CARDEDEU WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.090 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 River Llobregat

13. El Prat Desalination Plant (2009) EL PRAT DESALINATION PLANT 3 kWh/m 3 0.35 €/m 3 EL PRAT DESALINATION PLANT 3 kWh/m 3 0.35 €/m 3 River Ter (60 km away) Desalination Plant El Prat 2009 SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP + REVERSE OSMOSIS 0.85 kWh/m 3 0.150 €/m 3 SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP + REVERSE OSMOSIS 0.85 kWh/m 3 0.150 €/m 3 CARDEDEU WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.090 €/m 3 CARDEDEU WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.090 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS + REVERSE OSMOSIS 1.43 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS + REVERSE OSMOSIS 1.43 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 ABRERA WTP + RED 0.816 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 ABRERA WTP + RED 0.816 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 River Llobregat

14. RECLAIMED WATER FOR RE-USE 1.65 kWh/m 3 0.338 €/m 3 (estimate) Reclaimed water for re-use (2009) River Ter (60 km away) CARDEDEU WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.090 €/m 3 CARDEDEU WTP 0.16 kWh/m 3 0.090 €/m 3 EL PRAT DESALINATION PLANT 3 kWh/m 3 0.35 €/m 3 EL PRAT DESALINATION PLANT 3 kWh/m 3 0.35 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS + REVERSE OSMOSIS 1.43 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 BESÒS AQUIFER WELLS + REVERSE OSMOSIS 1.43 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 LLOBREGAT AQUIFER WELLS 0.18 kWh/m 3 0.053 €/m 3 SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP + REVERSE OSMOSIS 0.85 kWh/m 3 0.150 €/m 3 SANT JOAN DESPÍ WTP + REVERSE OSMOSIS 0.85 kWh/m 3 0.150 €/m 3 Reclaimed water for re-use El Prat WWTP 2009 ABRERA WTP + RED 0.816 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 ABRERA WTP + RED 0.816 kWh/m 3 0.200 €/m 3 River Llobregat

15. Cost summary and other considerations

16. Summary of resources and production costs

17. OUR WATER RESOURCES MUST BE SUSTAINABLE The cost of production, an exponential increase

18. OUR WATER RESOURCES MUST BE SUSTAINABLE Growth of the Ter-Llobregat water supply In the last 35 years:  resources:  20%  population:  40%

19. OUR WATER RESOURCES MUST BE SUSTAINABLE The threat of restrictions: a latent risk ALERT Evolution of the water resources in the Ter-Llobregat system Ter: 398 hm 3 Llobregat: 213 hm 3 RESERVOIR CAPACITIES

20. Diversity in water resources, costs and energy consumption Leonard Carcolé 20 th March 2009