2. - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are used to combat inflammation. - Their antiinflammatory action equals that of aspirin. - have analgesic and antipyretic effects. - Unlike aspirin’s effects, the effects of NSAIDs on platelet aggregation are temporary. - diclofenac, fenoprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac,meloxicam, naproxen, piroxicam. sh.alinia2

3. - All NSAIDs are absorbed in the GI tract. - They’re mostly metabolized in the liver - and excreted primarily by the kidneys. sh.alinia3

4. - Two isoenzymes of cyclooxygenase, known as COX-1 and COX-2,convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. - NSAIDs block both COX-1 and COX-2. - The prostaglandins produced by COX-1 maintain the stomach lining,while those produced by COX-2 cause inflammation. - That’s why the nonselective NSAIDs, which inhibit COX-1 along with COX-2, commonly cause GI adverse effects. sh.alinia4

5. - are used primarily to decrease inflammation. - They’re secondarily used to relieve pain, - but are seldom prescribed to reduce fever. - These drugs are particularly useful in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, primary. - acute gouty arthritis. - dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), migraine headaches bursitis and tendonitis, mild to moderate pain. sh.alinia5

6. abdominal pain, bleeding, anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, ulcers, and liver toxicity. drowsiness, headache, dizziness, confusion, tinnitus, vertigo, and depression. hypertension, heart failure, and pedal edema. sh.alinia6

7. - Phenazopyridine hydrochloride, an azo dye used in commercial coloring, produces a local analgesic effect on the urinary tract.  Pharmacokinetics - When taken orally, the liver metabolizes 35% of phenazopyridine. - The remainder is excreted unchanged in the urine, causing the patient’s urine to turn an orange or red color. sh.alinia7

8. Pharmacodynamics: Phenazopyridine is taken orally and produces an analgesic effect on the urinary tract usually within 24 to 48 hours after therapy begins. Phamacotherapeutics: The drug is used to relieve such symptoms as pain, buring, urgency,and frequency associated with urinary tract infections. sh.alinia8

9.  If the drug accumulates,the patient’s skin and sclera may assume a yellow tinge.  If this occurs,the drug may need to be discontinued.  Acute renal or hepatic failure may occur. sh.alinia9