1. Information Technology INT1001 Lecture 10 Databases and Information Systems 1

2. Computers Are Your Future Tenth Edition Chapter 12: Databases & Information Systems Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall2

3. Databases & Information Systems Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall3

4. The Levels of Data in a Database A database is a group of data that can be entered, selected, sorted, grouped, reviewed, and produced as output. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall4

5. The Levels of Data in a Database Database units Bit The smallest unit of data stored by a computer Contains either a 1 or a 0 Character A letter, number, or symbol Made of bytes, which are groups of 8 bits Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall5

6. The Levels of Data in a Database Database terms Field Composed of one or more characters Identified by its field name Record Group of related fields Is contained in tables or data files Primary key or key field Unique identifier for each record Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall6

7. The Levels of Data in a Database Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall7

8. Types of Database Programs Two types of database programs, software used to create databases and use their data File management programs Manage only one table or file Known as a flat file Database management systems (DBMS) Manage multiple tables or files Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall8

9. Types of Database Programs File management systems are: Useful for personal or small business needs Used to develop an uncomplicated computerized system for information storage and retrieval Inexpensive and easy to use Unable to link to data stored in other files Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall9

10. Types of Database Programs Database management systems (DBMS) are: Able to access, store, and edit data Available in a variety of forms Not usually tied to one particular platform Able to present information in various formats Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall10

11. Types of Database Programs Database management systems (DBMS) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall11

12. Types of Database Programs Database management system classifications Based on how information is organized and retrieved Four main DBMS classifications Flat Hierarchical Network Relational database management system (RDBMS) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall12

13. Types of Database Programs Relational database management systems (RDBMS) Most widely used class of DBMS Link data found in several tables or files Compared with file management programs: More expensive Harder to learn Better in controlling data redundancy Better in preventing potential data errors Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall13

14. Types of Database Programs Data warehouses Combine all the data of an organization into one large database Help executives make decisions Examine data through the drill-down method View performance data for whole company Search through individual department data Data marts are similar but support a department or division Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall14

15. Types of Database Programs Data mining Method used for data review and investigation Can be used to determine unknown data patterns Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall15

16. Types of Database Programs Client/server database systems Use database server software that reacts to the information requests of remote users Also use database client software to provide an interface with the user Use queries to request information from the database server Examples: ATMs and online banking Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall16

17. Types of Database Programs Web-database integration involves taking database information and making it accessible over the Internet. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall17

18. Advantages of Database Management Systems Characteristics of a good database: Data integrity Data independence Avoiding data redundancy Data security Data maintenance Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall18

19. Advantages of Database Management Systems Data within a database is considered to have data integrity if that data is considered valid. Data validation techniques are used as an attempt to prevent data integrity errors. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall19

20. Advantages of Database Management Systems Data independence Data that controls applications and data stored in the database are kept separate. Avoiding data redundancy Enter data only once. Multiple entry of the same data is a sign of an inadequately developed system. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall20

21. Advantages of Database Management Systems Data security: Prevents a database’s contents from being accessed by unauthorized users. Data maintenance: Required to permit the proper care and protection of data. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall21

22. Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness A skillfully created information system: Integrates data, computer hardware, software, procedures, and users Main functions include: Accepting data Converting data into information Storing data Distributing the information Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall22

23. Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness Methods for controlling information include: Only routing information to appropriate users Summarizing information Ensuring information selectivity Getting rid of needless information that wastes time and resources Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall23

24. Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness Each of the core functions of an organization is managed by the appropriate functional division (functional unit, functional area). Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall24

25. Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall25 Functional divisions of an organization: Accounting and finance Marketing and sales Human resources Management Manufacturing Information systems

26. Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey Transaction Processing Systems Management Information Systems Decision Support Systems Executive Information Systems Knowledge Management Systems Expert Systems Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall26

27. Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey For retailers, computers and databases are no longer used solely for traditional applications. Point of sales (POS) cash registers are computers that integrate credit card authorization and inventory systems and are used as marketing devices. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall27

28. Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey Other systems that retailers use include: Check-screening systems, which determine if a check is written on a delinquent account Signature capture systems, which obtain digital customer signatures Photo checkout systems, which show the photo of a customer at the time a credit card is used Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall28

29. Enterprise Systems Enterprise systems: Information systems that integrate both the information and software applications throughout an organization Supply a common user interface and central storage, resulting in the ability to share information Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall29

30. Enterprise Systems Additional components of an enterprise system may include: Network servers Database management systems Desktop computers Notebooks Handheld devices Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall30

31. Tools for Enterprise Computing Enterprise resource planning (ERP): Software to manage enterprise tasks Provides an individual software module for each task Integrates modules into one computer system Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall31

32. Tools for Enterprise Computing Customer relationship management (CRM): Software that follows the interactions between an enterprise and its customer Assists in attempts to hold onto those customers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall32

33. Tools for Enterprise Computing Sales force automation (SFA): Software that focuses on the automation of numerous enterprise functions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall33

34. Tools for Enterprise Computing Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall34

35. Enterprise Storage Systems Enterprise storage systems must: Be dependable Be rapid Be safe Include RAID (redundant array of independent disks): Multiple hard drives hold the exact same data. Service interruption is prevented if any one drive fails. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall35

36. Enterprise Storage Systems CD/DVD jukebox: An enterprise storage device made up of multiple DVD- ROM and CD-ROM drives for digital storage and network access Network attached storage (NAS): A device that provides data to enterprise users via a network Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall36

37. Enterprise Storage Systems Storage area network (SAN) Available on LAN or WAN High-capacity network of storage devices Keeps enterprise services available for processing Network attached storage (NAS) Provides data and file sharing Access provided via a network Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall37

38. Enterprise-Wide Technologies Web portals Electronic data interchange Intranets and extranets Virtual private networks Computer-based and Web-based training Teleconferencing Telecommuting Workgroup computing Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall38 Enterprise-wide technologies used to gain a competitive advantage include:

39. Enterprise-Wide Technologies Web portals Web sites that supply numerous online services Examples: AOL, Yahoo! Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall39

40. Enterprise-Wide Technologies Electronic data interchange (EDI) A popular method for sharing information and doing business over networks, including the Internet Consists of a set of standards that dictate how data and documents are transferred between enterprises Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall40

41. Enterprise-Wide Technologies Intranet An internal enterprise network Can only be accessed by employees or authorized individuals Extranet A network that enables outside users to access an intranet through the Internet Data transfer is encrypted Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall41

42. Enterprise-Wide Technologies Virtual private networks (VPNs): Connect distributed LANs through the Internet Ensure security through the use of encryption and supplemental security features Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall42

43. Enterprise-Wide Technologies Computer-based training (CBT) Convenient, affordable learning method Useful when multimedia, animation, and programmed learning are used Web-based training (WBT) Similar to computer-based training Training provided over the Internet or an intranet Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall43

44. Enterprise-Wide Technologies Teleconferencing Enables people to conduct business by using computer and telecommunications equipment Enhances enterprise communication Often reduces costs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall44

45. Enterprise-Wide Technologies Telecommuting (teleworking) enables workers to be connected to the office while working from home through the use of a computer and telecommunications. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall45

46. Enterprise-Wide Technologies Workgroup computing Used by a group of employees to communicate and collaborate Uses specific computer hardware, software, and network equipment Groupware (teamware) The software that supports workgroup information requirements Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall46

47. What You’ve Learned Database programs convert data into information and can be used for both personal and business information management and organization. Database files, which are the foundation of databases, are made up of individual units of data called fields. When grouped together, these fields are called records. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall47

48. What You’ve Learned File management programs, which work with a single flat file, are easy to use and inexpensive but cannot control data redundancy. Relational database management systems (RDBMS), which work with multiple tables at a time, are more complicated to use and more expensive but have the ability to reduce data redundancy. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall48

49. What You’ve Learned Through a data warehouse, many small databases throughout an organization are combined into one large database to provide decision-making information. Data mining is used to explore data and expose patterns. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall49

50. What You’ve Learned Client/server database systems enable multiple users to access information simultaneously. Data integrity, data independence, the lack of data redundancy, data security, and data management procedures are features of a good database. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall50

51. What You’ve Learned An information system integrates data, hardware, software, people, and procedures. The information system works by accepting, processing, storing, and distributing the resultant information. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall51

52. What You’ve Learned The functional divisions of an organization include the departments of a company. Information systems include transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive information systems, knowledge systems, and expert systems. Copyright © 2009 Pearson learning, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall52

53. What You’ve Learned The retail sector’s use of point-of-sale terminals, when linked with inventory databases and other systems such as check-screening systems, provides businesses with the ability to perform many business tasks effectively. Copyright © 2009 Pearson learning, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall53