2. CONSONANT 1 Pertemuan 3 Matakuliah: G0332/English Phonology Tahun: 2007

3. Bina Nusantara Formed of two cartilages: thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage. Attached to the top of trachea The front of the larynx comes to a point called Adam’s apple. Inside the box made by these 2 cartilages are the vocal folds. At the front vocal folds are joined and fixed to the inside of thyroid cartilage. At the back they are attached to a pair of small cartilage called arythenoid cartilage. The opening between focal folds are called glottis LARYNX 3

4. Bina Nusantara Wide apart : for normal breathing and voiceless consonants like /p/, /f/, /s/. Narrow : for fricative sound /h/ and whisper. Slightly open/vibrate : for voiced sound Tightly closed : for glottal stop /?/ Position of Glottis 4

5. Bina Nusantara Air Pressure The presure of air below the focal folds are varied in : Intensity : high for shouting low for speaking quietly Frequency : high for vibrate rapidly low for vibrating slowly Quality : harsh, breathy, murmured, creaky

6. Bina Nusantara Classification of Consonants 1.The position of the vocal cords: - voiced /lenis - voiceless/fortis 2. The place of articulation : the location where obstruction of the air stream occurs. - Bilabial- palatal - Labio dental- velar - dental - glottal - alveolar - post alveolar/palato alveolar

7. Bina Nusantara Classification of Consonants 3. Manner of articulation : what kind of obstruction occurs - Plosives/stops - Fricatives - Affricates - Nasals - Liquids: lateral and retroflex - Glides/Semi vowels

8. Bina Nusantara Plosives: p, b, t, d, k, g Four phases in in production of plosive consonants 1.Closing phase: the articulator moves to form the stricture for the plosive. 2.Compresion phase: the compresed air is stopped frrom escaping. 3.Release phase : the articulators are moved to allow air to escape. 4.Post release phase: what happen immediately after phase 3.

9. Bina Nusantara Fricatives: Characteristics: when they are produced, air escapes through a small passage and makes a hissing sound. Labiodental fricatives (f,v) : the lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth. Example words: fan, van, safer, half, halve. Dental fricative (ө, ð): the tongue is placed between the teeth. Example words: thumb, thus, ether, father, breath, breathe. Alveolar fricative (s, z) : the air escape through a narrow passage along the centre of the tongue. Example words: sip, zim, facing, phasing, rise, rice.

10. Bina Nusantara Fricative Post alveolar fricative ( ʃ,ʒ) : the tongue is in contact with an area slightly further back than for s or z. Example words : ship, Russia, measure, garage, Irish. Glottal fricative: the narrowing that produced the focal folds is between the vocal folds. Example words: head, ahead, playhouse.

11. Bina Nusantara Affricate Characteristics: begin as plosive and end as fricatives. Post alveolar affricate: ( ʧ, ʤ) : the tongue is slightly further back the alveolar. Example words: choice, nature, joy, Georgia, judge, church Affricate sounds are homorganic, that is two sounds as one phoneme.