1. Unit VII Energy

2. What is energy? Energy is the ability to do work and transfer heat. –It comes in many forms:

3. Energy Terms Kinetic Energy –Matter that has energy because of its mass and speed. –Electromagnetic Spectrum –Heat –Temperature

4. Energy Terms Potential Energy –Stored energy that has the potential to do work. –High quality energy –Low quality energy

5. Energy Terms Entropy –Measurement of the disorder of energy. –Higher entropy = less useful Physical Change Chemical Change

6. Energy Terms Nuclear Change –Nuclei of certain isotopes change into one or more different isotopes. –Radioactive Decay Radiocarbon dating

7. Energy Laws 1 st Law of Thermodynamics (AKA: Law of Conservation of Energy) So why worry about the loss of resources? 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics

9. Developed vs. Developing Usage

10. Energy Resources Where do we get our energy from? –World Nonrenewable resources Renewable resources –US (the largest user of energy) Nonrenewable resources Renewable resources

11. US Energy Usage (2011)

12. US Energy Efficiency & Sustainability 1.Increase Energy Efficiency and Conservation a. Requires many unpopular decisions i.Decrease speed limits ii. Eliminate government subsidies 2.Secure Future Fossil Fuel Energy Supplies a.Oppositions: i.environmental and economic 3.Develop Alternative Energy Sources a.Who pays for this? b.Gas taxes? 4.Meet the First Three Objectives Without Further Damage to the Environment

13. Energy Cost Comparison

14. Energy Resources Basic Power Production –How do we make electricity??? –Most power plants, no matter what type of fuel source utilized, create electricity in the same basic manner.

15. Basic Coal-Fired Power Plant

16. Non-Renewable Energy Fossil Fuels –Most widely used source of energy in developed countries. –Derived from decomposition of buried plant and animal matter trapped under high temperature & pressure for millions of years. –Oil & Natural Gas –Coal

17. Coal World’s most abundant fuel Composed primarily of carbon

18. Coal Formed in several stages

19. Coal Coal Reserves Coal Production

20. Coal How do we extract coal? –Subsurface Mining Used for coal reserves deep underground Traditional “mines” Very expensive and dangerous but less environmental damage –Surface Mining used for coal nearer the surface causes the most environmental damage Area strip mining Contour strip mining Open Pit Mining Mountain Top Mining

22. Coal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977) –Requires filling (reclaiming) of surface mines after mining –Reduces Acid Mine Drainage –Requires permits and inspections of active coal mining sights –Prohibits coal mining in sensitive areas

23. Coal Coal Burning: –Releases large quantities of CO 2 into atmosphere Greenhouse gas –Releases other pollutants into atmosphere –Can cause acid precipitation

24. Coal Can reduce air pollutants using: –electrostatic precipitators –scrubbers –fluidized bed boilers

25. Coal Pros Cons

26. Crude Oil/Petroleum Primary Oil Recovery Secondary Oil Recovery Primary + Secondary Recovery Tertiary Oil Recovery

28. Crude Oil/Petroleum Various Derivatives –Refining process separates various hydrocarbons based on boiling points. –Common derivatives

29. Crude Oil/Petroleum Petrochemicals –By-products of distillation process include components used in:

30. Crude Oil/Petroleum Oil Reserves & OPEC –Top Proven Oil Reserves

31. Crude Oil/Petroleum Top Oil Producing Countries

32. 1989 Alaskan Oil Spill Exxon Valdez hit a reef and spilled 260,000 barrels of crude oil into sound Largest oil tanker spill in US history

33. Keystone Pipeline

34. Crude Oil/Petroleum Pros Cons

35. Natural Gas What is it? –Primarily Methane (CH 4 ) –Can also include other heavy gaseous hydrocarbons –Conventional Natural Gas –Unconventional Natural Gas

36. Natural Gas LPG vs. LNG –Liquefied Petroleum Gas –Liquefied Natural Gas

37. Natural Gas Top Proven Natural Gas Reserves Top Natural Gas Producers

38. Natural Gas Pros Cons

39. Synfuel Include:

40. Length of Supplies??? Difficult to determine and estimates vary Depends on: Experts indicate there may be shortages in 21 st century

41. Fracking –Process of extracting Natural Gas and/or Oil from shale rock deep underground. –Involves injecting a mixture of water and chemicals underground to break up the rock –Global fracking projects have dramatically increased in the last decade (especially in US) –Can be devestating to the surrounding environment

42. Nuclear Energy Very expensive and complicated technology. Nuclear Fission Reactors –atoms of Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239 are split by neutrons which releases energy (heat) –entire reaction occurs in a moderator –controlled by using neutron absorbing control rods

43. Nuclear Energy

45. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Processes involved in producing the fuel used in nuclear reactors and in disposing of radioactive (nuclear) wastes

46. Nuclear Energy 441 commercial reactors in 32 countries producing 15% of the world’s electricity. –60 new reactors currently under construction 104 reactors in the US producing ~20% of our electricity. –Moratorium on new plants began in1979. –New ones have been approved and construction has begun however, including one in FL France heavily relies on nuclear energy –~77% of France’s power generation –Heavily subsidized by the government

47. Nuclear Energy Meltdown

48. 3 Mile Island 1979 - most serious reactor accident in US 50% meltdown of reactor core Elevated public apprehension of nuclear energy

49. Chernobyl 1986 - worst accident in history 1 or 2 explosions destroyed the nuclear reactor Spread across large portions of Europe

51. Nuclear Energy Low-level radioactive waste High-level radioactive waste Mill Tailings

52. Radiation in Perspective

53. Nuclear Energy Long term storage of nuclear waste is an ongoing, global problem

54. Nuclear Energy US currently stores wastes at “temporary” facilities

55. Nuclear Energy Long term storage was planned for Yucca Mountain. Project has been canceled –environmental concerns –$$$

56. Nuclear Energy Licensed to operate for 40 years Power plants cannot be abandoned when they are shut down Three solutions

57. Nuclear Energy Nuclear Fusion –Fuses two atoms of hydrogen isotopes –Haven’t been able to efficiently fuse atoms

58. Nuclear Energy Pros Cons

59. Renewable Energy What are they and where do they come from? –Sources of energy that are potentially sustainable because it can last indefinitely without reducing the original supply.

60. Solar Power The sun is the ultimate source of energy for the earth. Photovoltaic Cells

61. Solar Power Active Solar Heating Traditional Electricity Production

62. Solar Power Passive Solar Heating

64. Solar Power Pros Cons

65. Biomass Can be any organic material burned Heavily used in developing nations Also used to create electricity Can be converted into biofuels

66. Biomass Pros Cons

67. Wind World’s fastest growing energy resource Winds are harnessed by building turbine “farms” in suitable locations. Best available sites to harness wind in US are the Great Plains states. Largest users of wind power is Northern Europe and the US

68. Wind

69. Pros Cons

70. Hydropower 3 methods of electricity production: –Large-scale –Small-scale –Pumped-storage hydropower

71. Hydropower

72. China’s 3 Gorges Dam

74. Hydropower Supplies ~20% of the world’s electricity Can be high or low quality depending on the situation. Pros Cons

75. Hydropower

76. Wave Energy Converts wave energy into electricity Pros Cons

77. Geothermal Enormous potential energy source From Hydrothermal Reservoirs

78. Geothermal From hot, dry rock Geothermal heat pumps

79. Geothermal Currently used by 24 countries Pros Cons

80. Tidal Energy Converts tidal energy into electricity Pros Cons

81. Fuel Cell Device that directly converts chemical energy into electricity

82. Fuel Cells Hydrogen and oxygen gases combine to produce electricity. H combines with O 2 in the air and produces water vapor Pros Cons

83. Micropower Proponents argue the future will be decentralized small-scale micropower systems. Produce smaller amounts of electricity on site and disperse any excess to the traditional electrical grid.