1.  Examples of Hazardous Waste

4.  Any discarded chemical that threatens human health or the environment  1% of the solid waste in the U.S.  May be solids, liquids, or gases  Includes chemical that are dangerously reactive, corrosive, explosive or toxic ---- more 700,00 different chemicals are known to exist

5.  Only 7% of the 3,000 chemicals used in large quantities have been tested for health and environmental effects  The greatest threat to human health from toxic waste sites comes from drinking water laced with toxic contaminants.  Table 23.1 --examples

6. Where is it? Describe the disposal site there. What are the environmental risk/effects from this site? Why is clean-up a concern?

7. What are they? Human sources? Natural sources? How are they transferred? Effects?

8.  What are they?  Uses?  Effects?  Properties that make them useful in industry?  How are they transferred?  They have been banned by the EPA. Why are they still a problem?  How can they be destroyed? List 3 ways.

9.  Emergency Response Notification System (ERNS)  Principle of inherent safety – industrial processes are redesigned to involve less toxic material so that dangerous accidents are prevented

10.  Instructs EPA to identify which is hazardous and to provide guidelines and standards to states for hazardous waste management programs.  Bans hazardous waste from land disposal unless it has been treated to meet EPA’s standards of reduced toxicity.

11.  Commonly known as the Superfund Act  Established a program to tackle the huge challenge of cleaning up abandoned and illegal toxic waste sites across the United States.

12.  A piece of industrial or commercial property that is abandoned or underused and often environmentally contaminated, and could be considered as a potential site for redevelopment is know as a brownfield.  Estimates run as high as 400,000 seriously contaminated sites in the United States, not counting military bases and nuclear weapons facilities.

13.  Superfund National Priorities List – sites that pose the greatest threat to public health.  Of the 1400 sites on the Superfund National Priority List, only about 250 have been clean up and 656 other sites have been partially cleaned up.

14.  There is urgency to clean up these sites because of the growth of cities in rural dump sites.  Federal government, current land owners, prior owners, anyone who has dumped waste on the site, and anyone who has transported waste to a particular site share in the cost.

15. 1. Source reduction  2. environmental chemistry – green chemist ry  Bioremediation – the use of bacteria and other microorganisms to break down hazardous waste  Phytoremediation – the use of plants to absorb and accumulate toxic material from the soil.

16. 3. conversion to less hazardous materials using high heat 4. long-term storage  uses several layers of clay and high density plastic liners at the bottom of the landfill

17.  NIMBY  The National Justice Advisory Council provides grants to help low- income communities in the United States identify and address local environmental problems.

18.  Hazardous waste is transported to developing countries.  Basel Convention (1992)– formed to restrict the international transport of hazardous waste.

19.  The 3 “R”: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle  Voluntary simplicity: We are a High input/Throw- away society 