2. MAKING ENERGY ATP

3. THE ENERGY NEEDS OF LIFE Organisms are endergonic systems What do we need energy for? Synthesis Building biomolecules Reproduction Movement Active transport Temperature regulation

4. WHERE DO WE GET ENERGY FROM? Work of life is done by energy coupling Use exergonic (catabolic) reactions to fuel endergonic (anabolic) reactions ++ energy + + digestion synthesis

5. FUELING THE BODY’S ECONOMY Eat high energy organic molecules Food = carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Break them down Digest = catabolism Capture released energy in a form used by the cell NEED AN ENERGY CURRENCY A way to transfer energy Need a short term energy storage molecule ATP

6. Adenosine TriPhosphate Modified nucleotide Nucleotide = adenine + riboise + P i  AMP AMP + P i  ADP ADP + P i  ATP Adding phosphates is endergonic high energy bonds How efficient! Build once, use many ways

7. HOW DOES ATP STORE ENERGY? Each negative PO 4 more difficult to add A lot of stored energy in each bond Most energy stored in 3 rd P i 3 rd P i hardest group to keep bonded to molecule Bonding of negative P i groups is unstable P i groups “pop” off easily & release energy Instability of its P bonds makes ATP an excellent energy donor P O–O– O–O– O –O–O P O–O– O–O– O –O–O P O–O– O–O– O –O–O P O–O– O–O– O –O–O P O–O– O–O– O –O–O P O–O– O–O– O –O–O P O–O– O–O– O –O–O P O–O– O–O– O –O–O AMP ADPATP

8. HOW DOES ATP TRANSFER ENERGY? ATP  ADP Releases energy ΔG = -7.3 kcal/mole Fuel other reactions Phosphorylation Released P i can transfer to other molecules Enzyme that phosphorylates = “kinase” P O–O– O–O– O –O–O P O–O– O–O– O –O–O P O–O– O–O– O –O–O 7.3 energy + P O–O– O–O– O –O–O ADPATP

9. AN EXAMPLE OF PHOSPHORYLATION Building polymers from monomers Need to destabilize the monomers Phosphorylate! C H OH H HOHO C C H O H C + H2OH2O + +4.2 kcal/mol synthesis It’s endergonic … it won’t occur spontaneously C H OH C H P + ATP + ADP H HOHO C + C H O H CC H P + PiPi “kinase” enzyme -7.3 kcal/mol +3.1 kcal/mol

10. ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF PHOSPHORYLATION The first steps of cellular respiration Beginning the breakdown of glucose to make ATP glucose C-C-C-C-C-C fructose-1,6bP P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P DHAP P-C-C-C G3P C-C-C-P hexokinase phosphofructokinase Those phosphates sure make it uncomfortable around here! C H P C P C ATP 2 ADP 2

11. ATP/ADP CYCLE Can’t store ATP Good energy donor, not good energy storage Too reactive Transfers P i too easily Only short term energy storage Carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second ATP ADP PiPi + 7.3 kcal/mole cellular respiration Whoa! Pass me the glucose (and O 2 )!

12. What’s the point? The point is to make ATP! Cells spend a lot of time making ATP!

13. ATP SYNTHASE Enzyme channel in mitochondrial membrane Permeable to H + H+ flow down concentration gradient Flow like water over a wheel Flowing H + cause change in shape of ATP synthase enzyme Attaches P i to ADP: ADP + P i  ATP H+H+ catalytic head rod rotor H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ ATP ADP P + But… How is the proton (H + ) gradient formed?

14. We’ve just begun, but any questions so far?