1. 1 NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THIN-LIQUID-FILM WALL PROTECTION SCHEMES S.I. ABDEL-KHALIK AND M. YODA G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Atlanta, GA 30332-0405 USA

2. 2 Primary Contributors Numerical Simulation of Porous Downward Facing Wetted Walls  Seungwon Shin & Damir Juric Experimental Investigation of Liquid Film Stability on Porous Wetted Walls  Fahd Abdelall & Dennis Sadowski Experimental Study of Forced Thin Liquid Film Flow on Downward Facing Surfaces  J. Anderson, S. Durbin & D. Sadowski

3. 3 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Problem Definition IFE chamber X-rays and Ions Liquid Injection

4. 4 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Mathematical Formulation (Horizontal Surface) Periodic B.C. in horizontal direction g Momentum Equation (Dimensional Form) where,

5. 5 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Mathematical Formulation (Inclined Surface) g  x y z

6. 6 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Summary of Results Perform Calculations for Molten Lead Injection at 700 K  Quantify effects of initial film thickness, injection velocity, initial surface configuration, disturbance mode, and inclination angle on droplet detachment time, droplet “diameter,” & penetration distance prior to detachment. Obtain Generalized Charts for Dependent Variables as Functions of Governing Non-Dimensional Parameters.  Evaluate systems with other materials and/or operating temperatures.  Establish operating conditions for experimental investigations to match desired parameter ranges.

7. 7 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Initial Surface Configuration Different Initial Perturbation Geometry Sinusoidal Random Saddle Constant Initial Liquid Volume zozo εsεs zozo εsεs zozo

8. 8 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Initial Surface Configuration z o =0.0005m ε s =0.0005m w in =0.001m/s Sinusoidal t=0.31 w in =0.001m/s Random t=0.38 w in =0.001m/s Saddle t=0.30

9. 9 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Initial Film Thickness & Amplitude

10. 10 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Initial Film Thickness

11. 11 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Liquid Injection Velocity t=0.54 t=0.66 t=0.47 z o =0.0001m, ε s =0.0001m, w in =0.0m/s z o =0.0001m, ε s =0.0001m, w in =0.0001m/s z o =0.0001m, ε s =0.0001m, w in =0.001m/s z o =0.0001m, ε s =0.0001m, w in =0.01m/s

12. 12 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Liquid Injection Velocity t=0.43 t=0.47 t=0.48 t=0.42 z o =0.0002m, ε s =0.0002m, w in =0.0m/s z o =0.0002m, ε s =0.0002m, w in =0.0001m/s z o =0.0002m, ε s =0.0002m, w in =0.001m/s z o =0.0002m, ε s =0.0002m, w in =0.01m/s

13. 13 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Liquid Injection Velocity t=0.31 t=0.29 t=0.34 z o =0.0005m, ε s =0.0005m, w in =0.0m/s z o =0.0005m, ε s =0.0005m, w in =0.0001m/s z o =0.0005m, ε s =0.0005m, w in =0.001m/s z o =0.0005m, ε s =0.0005m, w in =0.01m/s

14. 14 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Liquid Injection Velocity t=0.26 t=0.29 z o =0.001m, ε s =0.001m, w in =0.0m/s z o =0.001m, ε s =0.001m, w in =0.0001m/s z o =0.001m, ε s =0.001m, w in =0.001m/s z o =0.001m, ε s =0.001m, w in =0.01m/s

15. 15 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Liquid Injection Velocity

16. 16 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Disturbance Mode Number z o =0.0005m, ε s =0.0005m, w in =0.001m/s t=0.31 t=0.36 t=0.49 mode #1 mode #3 mode #4

17. 17 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Inclination Angle t=0.31 z o =0.0005m, ε s =0.0005m, w in =0.001m/s 0 o inclination 5 o inclination 10 o inclination t=0.33 t=0.36

18. 18 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Density Ratio on Detachment Time

19. 19 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Density Ratio on Detachment Diameter

20. 20 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Density Ratio on Penetration Depth

21. 21 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Grid Size on Mass Conservation z o =0.0005m, ε s =0.0005m, w in =0.0m/s

22. 22 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Effect of Grid Size on Detachment Time & Axial Penetration z o =0.0005m, ε s =0.0005m, w in =0.0m/s t=0.29

23. 23 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Non-Dimensional Representation Nondimensional Momentum Equation where,,,,,

24. 24 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Non-Dimensional Results -- Detachment Time

25. 25 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Non-Dimensional Results -- Detachment Time

26. 26 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Non-Dimensional Results -- Detachment Time

27. 27 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Non-Dimensional Results -- Detachment “Diameter”

28. 28 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Non-Dimensional Results -- Detachment “Diameter”

29. 29 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Non-Dimensional Results -- Detachment “Diameter”

30. 30 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Non-Dimensional Results -- Penetration Depth

31. 31 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Non-Dimensional Results -- Penetration Depth

32. 32 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Non-Dimensional Results -- Penetration Depth

33. 33 Numerical Simulation of Porous Wetted Walls Non-Dimensional Parameters for Water and Lead T WaterLead 20 ( o C)50 ( o C)700 K900 K l (m)0.0027250.0026490.0021360.002120 U o (m/s)0.16350.16120.14470.1442 t o (s)0.016670.016430.014750.01470 Re445771.216181831

34. 34 Experimental Study of Porous Wetted Walls Experimental Apparatus

35. 35 Experimental Study of Porous Wetted Walls Experimental Apparatus

36. 36 Experimental Study of Porous Wetted Walls Experimental Variables Independent Parameters :  Plate Porosity  Plate Inclination Angle  Differential Pressure  Fluid Properties Dependent Variables :  Injection Velocity  Film Thickness

37. 37 9 mm 0.05 sec0.15 sec0.2 sec Injection Velocity = 10 mm/sec Experimental Study of Porous Wetted Walls Preliminary Results

38. 38 Experimental Study of Porous Wetted Walls Preliminary Results 0.23 sec0.26 sec0.3 sec Injection Velocity = 10 mm/sec 4 mm

39. 39 Experimental Study of Forced Thin Liquid Film Flow on Downward Facing Surfaces Problem Definition IFE chamber First Wall X-rays and Ions Injection Point Detachment Distance Liquid Sheet

40. 40 Experimental Study of Forced Thin Liquid Film Flow on Downward Facing Surfaces Experimental Apparatus

41. 41 Experimental Study of Forced Thin Liquid Film Flow on Downward Facing Surfaces Experimental Apparatus Fabricated with stereolithography rapid prototyping Nozzle exit dimensions 1-2 mm (  )  5 cm 2D contractions: nozzle z-dimension contracts from 1.5 cm to 1-2 mm at exit 1 cm channel section at end of 5 th order polynomial contraction

42. 42 Experimental Study of Forced Thin Liquid Film Flow on Downward Facing Surfaces Experimental Variables Independent Variables :  Nozzle opening thickness  Jet injection velocity  Surface inclination angle  Jet inclination angle  Fluid Properties Dependent Variables :  Film thickness and width  Detachment distance

43. 43 Experimental Study of Forced Thin Liquid Film Flow on Downward Facing Surfaces Preliminary Results 2 mm nozzle 13 GPM 8.2 m/s 10° inclination Re = 15000 13 GPM 8.2 m/s Re = 15000 10° inclination 2 mm nozzle

44. 44 Experimental Study of Forced Thin Liquid Film Flow on Downward Facing Surfaces Preliminary Results 2 mm nozzle 17 GPM 10.7 m/s 10 o inclination Re = 20000 2 mm nozzle 17 GPM 10.7 m/s 10 o inclination Re = 20000

45. 45 Experimental Study of Forced Thin Liquid Film Flow on Downward Facing Surfaces Preliminary Results 1.5 mm nozzle 10 GPM 8.4 m/s 10° inclination Re = 11500 10 GPM 8.4 m/s Re = 11500 10° inclination 1.5 mm nozzle

46. 46 Experimental Study of Forced Thin Liquid Film Flow on Downward Facing Surfaces Preliminary Results 1.5 mm nozzle 13 GPM 10.9 m/s 10° inclination Re = 15000 13 GPM 10.9 m/s Re = 15000 10° inclination 1.5 mm nozzle

47. 47 Experimental Study of Forced Thin Liquid Film Flow on Downward Facing Surfaces Preliminary Results 8 GPM 10.1 m/s Re = 9200 10° inclination 1 mm nozzle 8 GPM 10.1 m/s 10° inclination Re = 9200

48. 48 Experimental Study of Forced Thin Liquid Film Flow on Downward Facing Surfaces Preliminary Results 1 mm nozzle 9 GPM 11.4 m/s 10° inclination Re = 10000 1 mm nozzle 9 GPM 11.4 m/s Re = 10000 10° inclination 1 mm nozzle

49. 49 CONCLUSIONS Porous Wetted Walls  Generalized charts have been developed to allow quantitative evaluation of effects of various operating & design variables on system performance  Experimental investigation to validate numerical results over desired parameter range are underway Forced Thin Liquid Film Flow  Experimental investigation to quantify effect of various operating & design variables on system performance are underway

50. 0.03 sec0.13 sec0.19 sec0.26 sec Injection Velocity = 4 mm/sec Experimental Study of Porous Wetted Walls Preliminary Results 37A

51. Experimental Study of Porous Wetted Walls Preliminary Results Injection Velocity = 4 mm/sec 0.19 sec0.26 sec0.33 sec0.4 sec 3 mm 38A