1. AMSR-E Vapor and Cloud Validation Atmospheric Water Vapor –In Situ Data Radiosondes –Calibration differences between different radiosonde manufactures –Condensation of water or ice on the humidity sensor –Colocation times up to 6 hours (2x / day) GPS –Position accuracy driven by global market forces –Colocation times up to 30 minutes (1x / hour) –Limited number of small island stations Cloud Liquid Water –No In Situ Data Statistical Analyses Carl Mears and Frank Wentz Remote Sensing Systems AMSR Science Team Meeting Huntsville, AL 2-3 June 2010

2. Geologists have deployed a HUGE network of ground-based GPS stations to evaluate earth movements, etc. GPS measures the time needed for signals to go from GPS satellites to the ground. Time depends on distance and speed of light. Light slows according to amount of air and water vapor in the atmosphere above the station. Variable time delay is an error source for the geologists. It is a signal for meteorologists! Ground-Based GPS Atmospheric Water Vapor

3. How does it work? Zenith Delay = Luckily, P/T = R*  so the dry part of the integral is easy to do and only depends on the surface pressure Dry Delay Wet Delay = A climatological profile of T is used to perform the integral and obtain PW. By comparing the errors in derived location (typically 250 cm) from different zenith angles, deduce the zenith delay. Small print: I ignored ionopsheric delay – this is estimated and removed by using two different frequencies …. Dry delay is typically 10-20 times wet delay, so we need accurate P

4. Out of thousands of stations, only 18: –Are located on small islands –Have over 1000 observations GPS Station Selection

5. Example Time Series Many stations report hourly –Satellite colocation average: 15 minutes

6. Adjusting for Station Elevation Elevations range from 8.46 m to 160 m. (577.46 m station excluded) RSS (Mears) adjusts the reported PW to sea level using: –assumed RH (75%) and lapse rate (6.5K/km) –Reynolds SST for a surface temperature

7. Black = GPS Red = SSM/I Blue = SSM/I minus GPS Often, the data look quite good: Station MAC1, 54.5 S, 158 E, South of New Zealand

8. Black = GPS Red = SSM/I Blue = SSM/I minus GPS BUT, GPS is not infallible GOUG has a huge drift relative to all 3 satellites. (excluded from further analysis)

9. Sometimes, the problems are more subtle Drift relative to BRMU same in all 3 satellites Black = GPS Red = SSM/I Blue = SSM/I minus GPS

10. Black = GPS Red = SSM/I Blue = SSM/I minus GPS Instrumentation or methodology change? 603 shows a large jump relative to all satellites in early 2003.

11. Black = GPS Red = SSM/I Blue = SSM/I minus GPS Instrumentation or methodology change? Station 2003 shows a jump relative to all satellites in early 2001.

12. Overall statistics are very good Mean Mean Satellite SSM/I–GPS SSM/I-GPS Std. Dev. Total Number Name All Data GPS PW < 50 GPS PW < 50 Number GPS PW<50 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- f10 0.0798122 0.347921 1.87799 2073 1602 f11 -0.130406 0.101021 1.84340 8889 7166 f13 -0.121308 0.0690513 1.75293 29952 25170 f14 -0.110209 0.0652379 1.80464 28952 24136 f15 -0.186780 -0.0386894 1.80352 21812 18684 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Total -0.129713 0.0504317 1.79396 91678 76758 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- AMSR-E -0.127 mm bias 16561 1.674 Std. Dev.

13. SSM/I Vapor v. GPS Vapor

14. AMSR-E Vapor v. GPS Vapor

15. SSM/I and AMSR-E v. GPS Vapor

16. SSM/I Vapor v. GPS Vapor

17. Cloud Liquid Water Validation Lack of In Situ Data –Statistical Analysis PDF –(probability distribution function) Random Errors –Negative values If true cloud water pdf has: –Peak at zero –Exponential decay Then cloud water + noise -> –Half power point at zero

18. Cloud Liquid Water Validation Clear Sky Bias (RSS CLW) –Clear sky scenes (other sensors) –Cloud average should be 0 –Finding: +.008 (RSS) - +.03 (others) If true cloud water pdf has: –Spike at zero –Exponential decay Then cloud water + noise -> –Values shift left

19. AMSR-E Vapor and Cloud Validation Atmospheric Water Vapor – Carl Mears –In Situ Data Radiosondes –Calibration differences between different radiosonde manufactures –Condensation of water or ice on the humidity sensor –Colocation times up to 6 hours (2x / day) GPS –Position accuracy driven by global market forces –Colocation times up to 30 minutes (1x / hour) –Limited number of small island stations Cloud Liquid Water –No In Situ Data Statistical Analyses Carl Mears and Frank Wentz Remote Sensing Systems AMSR Science Team Meeting Huntsville, AL 2-3 June 2010