1. Learning From Student Projects Mark Grabe

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-2 Using Design As A Unifying Theme n Knowledge as design n Design projects n Designing a project as a way to facilitate the design of personal knowledge.

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-3 Knowledge Of Design n Knowledge as design consistent with constructivist perspective n Knowledge as information - learning as transmission n Knowledge as design - knowledge adapted to a purpose u Does learner have an idea how knowledge might be used?

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-4 Design Of Hypermedia n Student authored hypermedia represents one type of design project.

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-5 Hypermedia Design Principles n Content organization n Graphic design n Text presentation n User interface

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-6 Content Organization n How will user experience content? u Sequence u Control

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-7 Organization - Sequential n Linear organization of elements of information n User moves forward or backward

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-8 Organization - Hierarchical n Categories and subcategories n Follow branches up or down

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-9 Organization - Web n Complex organization of links n User typically can follow multiple links

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-10 Graphic Design n Appearance and arrangement of screen elements

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-11 Screen Layout n Place and group objects to assist the user n A grid is one way to maintain consistency

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-12 Grid

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-13 Grid With Information

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-14 Buttons n Locate near edge unless impact object appearing within the display n Group buttons serving similar functions together

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-15 Text n Do not abandon grid because text is presented u Position segments of text for easier viewing u Avoid lengthy segments of solid text if possible n Use multiple fonts and styles sparingly u Be aware that the fonts available may vary across computers

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-16 Interface and Navigation n Allow user to interact with information u What information is available u What actions are possible

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-17 Interface - Menus and Maps n Menu - list of topics n Map - list of topics and main links among components

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-18 Interface - Buttons n Offer actions to user u Author establishes options u User decides when actions are taken n Establish clear expectations u Descriptive words u Standard icons

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-19 Cooperative Design Teams n Cooperative learning - students work together to help each other learn n Principles u Team rewards - recognition for team accomplishment u Individual accountability - team success based on individual accomplishments

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-20 Cooperative Methods n Techniques of greatest relevance u Task specialization - individual students have unique roles in accomplishing group task u Group investigation - group project resulting in summary report

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-21 Hypercomposition Design Model n Adaptation of writing process approach (Lehrer) u Planning u Transforming and Translating u Evaluating and Revising

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-22 Design - Planning n The design group u Defines major topics of interest u Work out how group will function u Establish possible format for presentation

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-23 Design - Transforming and Translating n Collect or create information n Generate knowledge u Organize, summarize, and interpret n Generate publication

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-24 Design - Evaluation and Revision n Test software for problems n Evaluate quality of communication n Make adjustments as needed

25. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-25 Helping Students Design Knowledge n Perkins -- few opportunities to engage in works of mind u Mostly “learn what practitioners say rather than doing what practitioners do”

26. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-26 Apprenticeship n Teacher functions to introduce learner to the scholarship of an area u Model first and then coach

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-27 Student Web Projects n Consider a “minimalist” approach u Learn essentials and use repeatedly

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-28 Web Page Components n Multimedia elements (text, graphics, sounds, etc.) n HTML - hypertext markup language tags n Links to other pages

29. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9-29 Methods for Constructing Web Pages n Specialized authoring software u General products such as Adobe GoLive, Macromedia Dreamweaver n Word processing program u Save As … HTML n Authoring software for students u SiteCentral, MediaBlender, Ezedia