1. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 John W. Santrock Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood 11

2. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development? What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development? How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?

3. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 The Self Initiative versus guilt –Third of Erikson’s eight stages –Initiative: enthusiasm for new activities; governed by conscience –Guilt: results when children’s efforts result in failure or criticism What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

4. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Moral Development Refers to rules and regulations about what people should do in interactions with other people Piaget extensively researched children; two distinct stages of how children think about morality What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

5. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development? Heteronomous Morality 4 to 7 years of age Justice and rules conceived of as unchangeable properties of world, removed from control of people Autonomous Morality About 10 years of age and older Child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and one should consider actor’s intentions as well as consequences

6. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Imminent Justice Belief that if rule is broken, punishment will meted out immediately/automatically –Characteristic of heteronomous morality –Autonomous morality: realize punishment is not inevitable –Piaget: sophisticated thinking increases through give-and-take peer relations What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

7. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Gender Social and psychological dimension of being female or male –Gender role: set of expectations of how females or males should think, act, or feel –Gender typing: process for acquiring thoughts, feelings, and behaviors considered appropriate for one’s gender in their culture What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

8. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Biological Influences on Gender 46 chromosomes; 23rd pair Sex hormones –Estrogens: influence female physical sex characteristics, help regulate menstrual cycle –Androgens: promote growth of male genitals and secondary characteristics; most important is testosterone What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

9. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Gender Problems Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): affects females, dislike typical-girl roles Androgen-insensitive male: male with feminine body Pelvic field defect: born with no penis Genital loss and sex assignment What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

10. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 The Evolutionary Psychology View Differing reproductive roles led to different evolutionary pressures –Males: multiple sexual partners for more offspring; dispositions for competition, violence, and risk-taking –Females: devote efforts to parenting and choose long-term mate who can provide What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

11. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Social Influences Social role theory –Gender differences caused by contrasting social roles of women and men –Less power, status, and pay for women –Women show more cooperation

12. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Social Influences Psychoanalytic theory of gender –Preschool child sexually attracted to opposite-sex parent –At age 5 to 6, anxious feelings cause identification with same-sex parent –Unconsciously adopts same-sex parent’s characteristics What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

13. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Social Influences Social cognitive theory of gender –Gender develops through observation and imitation, use of rewards and punishments Parental preferences for firstborn male Parental influences and behaviors What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

14. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Social Influences Gender and peer influences –Gender plays important role –Gender composition of groups: prefer same-sex groups by age 3, preference increases through age 12 –Group size: boys prefer organized group games, associate in larger groups

15. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Social Influences Interaction in same-sex groups –Boys in groups engage in rough-and- tumble play, competition –Girls engage in collaborative discourse –More time in same-sex groups linked to more gender-stereotyped behavior What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

16. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Cognitive Influences on Gender Cognitive Developmental Theory –Gender-typed behavior occurs after gender constancy is developed –Children prefer activities, objects, and attitudes consistent with this label What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

17. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Cognitive Influences on Gender Gender Schema Theory –Children gradually develop schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture –Gender schema: organizes world in terms of female and male What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

18. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Parenting Socialization influenced by –Parenting styles –Sibling relationships –Context of family structure What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

19. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Classification of Parenting Styles Authoritative: Parents encourage child’s independence but still set limits and controls on their actions; associated with child’s social competence Authoritarian: Restrictive punitive style; associated with children’s social incompetence Indulgent: Parents highly involved with children and place very few demands or controls on them; associated with children’s social incompetence Neglectful: Parent uninvolved in the child’s life; associated with child’s social incompetence Undemanding, uncontrolling Rejecting, unresponsive Demanding, controlling Accepting, responsive Classification of Parenting Styles

20. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Sibling Relationships and Birth Order Sibling relationships –Can be both pleasant and aggressive –Siblings treat children different than parents –Extensive conflict linked to poor outcomes –Birth order affects sibling relationships What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

21. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Birth Order What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development? Firstborns More attention, pressure from parents More adult-oriented, helpful, anxious, conforming, self-controlled Later-borns Parents less demanding, More influences from older siblings More variety in characteristics Only Children Independent, self-centered, no control Achievement-oriented, desirable personality

22. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Peer Relations Peers: –individuals near same age or maturity level –Help children learn reciprocity, fairness, justice –Negative influences possible How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?

23. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Functions of Play Play: pleasurable activity engaged in for its own sake Functions –Health, tension release, master conflicts –Affiliation with peers –Cognitive development and exploration –Therapists and play therapy How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?

24. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Parten’s Categories of Play Onlooker Parallel Solitary Unoccupied Child not engaging in play as commonly understood; might stand in one spot Associative Cooperative Child plays alone, independently of others Child watches other children play Child plays separately from others, but in manner that mimics their play Play that involves social interaction with little or no organization Play that involves social interaction in group with sense of organized activity How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?

25. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Types of Play Pretense/ Symbolic Social Practice Sensorimotor Infants derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes Games Repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned Occurs when child transforms physical environment into symbol Involves social interactions with peers Activities engaged in for pleasure; include rules How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?

26. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Television, Prosocial Behavior, and Aggression Aggression Prosocial behavior Cognitive development Achievement How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?

27. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Educational TV Viewing and Boys’ GPA Quartiles of child informative viewing at age 5 2.82 2.37 2.48 2.53 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.0 Mean high school overall GPA Fig. 11.11 Amount and patterns of preschool TV viewing have a later impact on boys’ high school GPA