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3.  Charlemagne › Bright spot during dark ages. › Brought Europe out of dark ages › Spread Christianity › Revived learning and literacy › After his death Europe was invaded & entered into a period of violence & instability 2

4.  Political system › Power divided among kings & nobles for protection. › Constant battles to increase power led to instability  Economic system › Agricultural – no industry & very › little trade  Social Organization › Very rigid hierarchy 3 King Clergy Nobles/Lords Knights Squires Serfs

5.  After fall of the Roman Empire the Church splits into two.  West led by Pope  East led by emperor who was also Patriarch  Church became largest international organization ever  Assumed control over secular matters 4

6. By 1000s economy revives due to agricultural advances & commerce. Use of iron leads to better tool technology Growth of towns and emergence of guilds – trade associations which will eventually dominate Europe. 5

7.  During this period feudal kings will increase their power.  They will no longer rely on support of the feudal lords as much  William the Conqueror is perfect example.  Conquers England in 1066 › Unifies England › Strengthens Monarchy & › Develops system of tax collection & law 6

8.  Considered a cornerstone of democratic government.  Background: 1215  Nobles demanded : › Habeas Corpus › Jury trial by peers › Due process of law › Right to be consulted on matters of taxation 7

9.  End of absolute monarchy & divine rights theory  Established rights of citizens & rule of law.  Establishes respect for individual rights & liberties  Resulted in rise of Parliament 8

10.  System of justice that was common to all throughout the English lands  Based on tradition and precedents  Juries developed &  Documents that would change the political culture of England and check the power of the monarch 9

11. Thinkers were interested in earthly life rather than preparation for the afterlife. Emphasized public service rather than just service to the church. Individualism was deeply rooted in the Renaissance. This led to secular humanism which emphasized human potential which led to exploration, capitalism, - & the scientific revolution. 10

12. Martin Luther 95 Thesis  Reformers challenged corruption within the Church such as indulgences.  Stressed direct relationship with God rather than one through the clergy  Believed that salvation came from faith alone.  Translated the Bible into the vernacular so believers could interpret the word of God by themselves without the clergy.  Emphasis on individualism led to questioning of authority which contributed to political liberty and democracy 11

13.  Although Tudors cooperated with Parliament the Stuart dynasty did not › Clashed with Puritans & Parliament › Believed in absolute monarchy › Violated Magna Carta › Signed Petition of Right but refused to honor it › Dissolved Parliament sparks Civil War 1642  King is tried and executed 12

14.  Abolished the monarchy, House of Lords & Church of England  Banished the Catholics to barren lands in western Ireland  Republic in name only  Became military rule  When Cromwell dies Puritans lose power 13

15.  In 1688 Parliament invited William and Mary to become the new rulers (monarchs) of England.  They had to agree first to the English Bill of Rights 14

16.  Superiority of Parliament over the monarchy  House of Commons rec’d Power of the Purse.  Monarchs could no longer interfere in Parliament debates or suspend laws  Barred Catholics from sitting on the throne 15

17.  Trial by jury  Habeas corpus  Abolished excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishments  Created limited monarchy in which the legislative body limits the monarch’ power.  Subjected monarchs to the rule of law  Rejects theory of divine rights 16

18.  Also known as the Age of Reason  Belief that the purpose of gov was to protect people’s inalienable natural rights such as life, liberty, property & pursuit of happiness.  If gov failed to protect these rights and advance the interests of its citizens than people had a right to overthrow the gov.  Favored “republicanism” as best type of gov  This logic legitimized the American & French Revolutions 17

19.  Human nature/ state of nature = state of war  Social contract based on need for security & order.  Without strong central gov (Leviathan) people would not be able to acquire property and live longer 18

20. Opposite view of Hobbes Human nature-essentially good Purpose of gov is protect natural rights such as life, liberty & property. If gov abuses its duties then people have right to overthrow gov Lockean views are evident in US Constitution 19

21.  Separation of powers  Checks & balances 20

22. “Man is born free yet everywhere he is in chains” Believed that man in a state of nature was noble. It was civilization that corrupts man Advocated “direct democracy” 21

23.  Freedom of speech  Freedom of religion  “I may disagree with you but I will 22

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27. 26 Western Political Thought Enlighten ment Medieval Reforms Reformation Greeks Romans Renaissance Judeo- Christian

28.  Direct democracy  3 branches of gov  Expanded participation=greater numbers  Philosophy which strengthened belief in reason, logic & natural laws & rights  Socratic Method encouraged people to seek answers and strengthened individualism  Duties of Citizenship  Legislature 27

29.  Republic  Separation of powers  Veto  Written legal code  Law & Rights of individual › Rights of the accused › Equality under the law › Fair laws › Innocent until proven guilty 28

30.  Ethical monotheism  Individual worth  Responsibilities & duty to the community  Social Conscience 29

31.  Equality and dignity of all  Service to others  Moral and ethical behavior (ethical monotheism)  Justice 30

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33.  Common law  Magna Carta  Petition of Right  Bill of Rights  Limited government  Bicameral Legislature 32

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