1. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 1/14 Solid-State MARX Type Circuit for the ISOLDE Target Voltage Modulator L.M. Redondo*, J. Fernando Silva #, H. Canacsinh*, N. Ferrão*, C. Mendes*, R. Soares †, J. Schipper † and A. Fowler † Work supported by FCT project CERN-FP-83497-2008 * Nuclear Physics Center - Lisbon University (CFNUL), Lisbon, Portugal # Center for Innovation in Electrical and Energy Engineering – TU Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal † ABT Group, TE Department, CERN, Switzerland

2. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 2/14 Summary ISOLDE Target Voltage Modulator (the actual system, the issues, the motivation); System requirements and new concept; Proposed solid-state modulator; Prototype layout and experimental results Conclusions and future work

3. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 3/14 ISOLDE Target Voltage Modulator The On-Line Isotope Mass Separator facility uses the 1.4 GeV proton beam (up to 2 µA ) from the PS-booster at CERN to bombard a target and produce a wide range of isotopes. The impacting proton beam intensively ionises the air. This ionisation perturbs the accelerating voltage because it represents a significant additional load on the power supply. To provide the needed acceleration, the target and ion source must be held at a precise voltage (60 kV±1V), with respect to a grounded extraction electrode, if there is to be high mass resolution in the downstream separator.

4. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 4/14 During the critical period when protons strike the target the accelerating voltage is modulated to zero. This is acceptable provided that the stable accelerating voltage of 60 kV +/- 1 V is interrupted for less than 10 ms, so still allowing the detection of very short life-time radio isotopes. At present a custom-built positive 60 kV d.c. power supply (PS), I max <40 mA, is connected, via a pulse transformer and a hard-tube switch (tetrode), to a resonant circuit such that prior to beam impact the target is fully discharged by the resonant circuit in 35µs, which then restores the voltage close to its nominal value within a further 200µs. Finally, returns to its nominal value ± 1 V within 5 to 6 ms. ISOLDE Target Voltage Modulator 60 kV [3] D.C. Fiander, A. Fowler, in 20 th Power Modulator Symposium, 1992, pp. 173-176.

5. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 5/14 ISOLDE Target Voltage Modulator The high precision, high stability power supply PS2, is connected to C2, almost two orders of magnitude greather than C4 (load), for minimising the voltage excursion. The current limitation on the 60 kV PS limits the circuit performance. C4 voltage C2 voltage To ensure future physic requests, such as the power increase of the proton beam, for both negative and positive short life-time radio isotopes ion beams, necessary improvements must be made on the existent modulator circuit.

6. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 6/14 System requirements and new concept The 60 kV PS, the device that controls the accuracy of the target voltage, must be shielding against any voltage variations. The new circuit concept uses the actual 60 kV PS and two auxiliary high voltage switches, based on the solid-state Marx modulator concept: one in series, S 1, between the PS and the load, R 0 /C 0, which disconnects the PS from load prior to proton beam impact; another one in parallel, S 2, with the load that discharges it to zero (position 1), recharging it to full voltage afterwards (position 2), just before the 60 kV PS takes control again of the load voltage stability.

7. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 7/14 Positive Solid-State Marx generator operation [2] L.M. Redondo, J. Fernando Silva, P. Tavares and E. Margato, in IEEE 36 th PESC Conf., 2005, pp.1170-1174. Topology Pulse mode Charging mode

8. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 8/14 Proposed Solid-State Modulator Two n stages solid-state Marx generators, operating, respectively, as a series (Marx 1) and parallel (Marx 2) switch.

9. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 9/14 Mode 1, time t0: Tci in Marx 1 are on, the Ci capacitors in Marx 1 are in parallel; Tci and Tpi in Marx 2 are off, Ci capacitors are in series, through the Tpi anti-parallel diodes, distributing the voltage across Tci. Capacitor Cdc voltage, vc, is applied to the load, v0. Proposed Solid-State Modulator Mode 1

10. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 10/14 Mode 2, time t2: Tci in Marx 1 are off, vc appears between the terminals, and is sustained by the Ci capacitors in series through the diodes Dpi, distributing the voltage across the Tci. Tpi and Tci in Marx 2 are, respectively, off and on; The load is discharge to zero. Proposed Solid-State Modulator Mode 2

11. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 11/14 Mode 3, time t3: Tci in Marx 1 are off; Tpi and Tci in Marx 2 are, respectively, on and off, and the Marx 2 applies a voltage to the load, charging it; The load is charged to about ~nUdc2. Proposed Solid-State Modulator Mode 3

12. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 12/14 Prototype layout Back Front Marx 2Marx 1 10 kV, prototype 10 stages 1 kV Marx 1200 V IGBTs, diodes and capacitors

13. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 13/14 Experimental results 10 kV, prototype U dc =10 kV, R dc =2.7 kΩ, C dc =200 nF U dc2 =1 kV, R dc2 =1 kΩ R 0 =14 MΩ, C 0 =2 nF C i =1 μF, with 1.8 MΩ in parallel ~ 20 Hz, t 0 =50 ms, t 2 =254 μs and t 3 =10 μs 250 μs reset time, 250 ns rise and fall times 40 kV/μs slew rate. 3 ms recovery time Load voltage 2000 V/div C dc voltage 10 ms/div 100 μs/div

14. 22 Set 2009 EPPC 09 CERN 21-25 September 2009 14/14 A new solid-state Marx type topology was proposed for the ISOLDE Target Voltage Modulator; Solid-state Marx generators were used as serial and parallel switches; The new topology minimizes the effects on the PS from the load voltage excursions Preliminary results, from a 10 kV prototype, were presented with two, ten stages 1 kV, Marx generators, with 1200 semiconductors; Voltage ripple is, mainly, due to the parameters R 0 /C 0 and R dc /C dc of the system as well as the value of the resistors connected in parallel with the C i capacitors in the two Marx generators; It is mandatory to further increase the voltage amplitude to near the 60 kV regime and test the circuit in the off-line target. Conclusions and future work