2. AP Biology Proteins

3. AP Biology 2008-2009 Proteins ________________

4. AP Biology Proteins  Most structurally & functionally diverse group  Function: involved in almost everything  _____________________ (pepsin, DNA polymerase)  _____________________ (keratin, collagen)  _____________________ (hemoglobin, aquaporin)  _____________________  _____________________ (insulin & other hormones)  _____________________  _____________________ (antibodies)  _____________________ (actin & myosin)  _____________________ (bean seed proteins)

5. AP Biology Proteins  Structure  monomer = _____________  20 different amino acids  polymer = _____________  protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded & bonded together  large & complex molecules  complex 3-D shape Rubisco hemoglobin growth hormones H2OH2O

6. AP Biology Amino acids  Structure  central carbon  amino group  carboxyl group (acid)  R group (side chain)  variable group  different for each amino acid  confers unique chemical properties to each amino acid  like 20 different letters of an alphabet  can make many words (proteins) —N——N— H H C—OH || O R | —C— | H Oh, I get it! amino = NH 2 acid = COOH

7. AP Biology Effect of different R groups: Nonpolar amino acids Why are these nonpolar & hydrophobic?  nonpolar & hydrophobic

8. AP Biology Effect of different R groups: Polar amino acids  polar or charged & hydrophilic Why are these polar & hydrophillic?

9. AP Biology Ionizing in cellular waters H+ donors

10. AP Biology Ionizing in cellular waters H+ acceptors

11. AP Biology Sulfur containing amino acids  Form ________________________  covalent cross links betweens sulfhydryls  stabilizes 3-D structure You wondered why perms smell like rotten eggs? H-S – S-H

12. AP Biology Building proteins  _______________________  covalent bond between NH 2 (amine) of one amino acid & COOH (carboxyl) of another  C–N bond peptide bond dehydration synthesis H2OH2O

13. AP Biology Building proteins  Polypeptide chains have direction  N-terminus = NH 2 end  C-terminus = COOH end  repeated sequence (N-C-C) is the polypeptide backbone  can only grow in one direction

14. AP Biology Protein structure & function hemoglobin  Function depends on structure  3-D structure  twisted, folded, coiled into unique shape collagen pepsin

15. AP Biology Primary (1°) structure  __________________________  amino acid sequence determined by gene (DNA)  slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & its function  even just one amino acid change can make all the difference! lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria

16. AP Biology Sickle cell anemia I’m hydrophilic! But I’m hydrophobic! Just 1 out of 146 amino acids!

17. AP Biology Secondary (2°) structure  __________________________  folding along short sections of polypeptide  interactions between adjacent amino acids  __________________  weak bonds between R groups  forms sections of 3-D structure  __________________

18. AP Biology Secondary (2°) structure

19. AP Biology Tertiary (3°) structure  __________________________  interactions between distant amino acids  _______________________  cytoplasm is water-based  nonpolar amino acids cluster away from water  _______________________  covalent bonds between sulfurs in sulfhydryls (S–H)  anchors 3-D shape

20. AP Biology Quaternary (4°) structure  _____________________________________ _____________________________________  only then does polypeptide become functional protein  ________________________________ collagen = skin & tendons hemoglobin

21. AP Biology Protein structure (review) amino acid sequence peptide bonds 1° determined by DNA R groups H bonds R groups hydrophobic interactions disulfide bridges (H & ionic bonds) 3° multiple polypeptides hydrophobic interactions 4° 2°

22. AP Biology Protein denaturation  Unfolding a protein  ___________________________________ ___________________________________  ______________  ________________________  alter 3-D shape  ________________________  some proteins can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot In Biology, size doesn’t matter, SHAPE matters!

23. AP Biology 2008-2009 Let’s build some Proteins!