1. Tissues

2. Tissue Types Four major tissue types –Epithelial –Connective –Muscle –Nervous

3. Epithelial Tissue- General Characteristics Covers organs and the body Line body cavities and hollow organs Have a free surface and a basement membrane Avascular

4. More General Characteristics Cells readily divide Cells tightly packed Function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers

5. Epithelial Tissue: Simple Squamous Single layer of flat cells Substances pass easily through Line air sacs, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

6. Simple Squamous

7. Epithelial Tissue: Simple Cuboidal Single layer of cube-shaped cells Line kidney tubules and ducts of some glands Cover ovaries

8. Simple Cuboidal

9. Epithelial Tissue: Simple Columnar Single layer of elongated cells Sometimes possess cilia or microvilli Often have goblet cells Line uterus, stomach, intestines

10. Simple Columnar

11. Epithelial Tissue: Pseudostratified Columnar Single layer of elongated cells Appear striated Often have cilia and goblet cells Line respiratory passageways

12. Pseudostratified Columnar

13. Epithelial Tissue: Stratified Squamous Many cell layers Top cells are flat Can accumulate keratin Outer layer of skin Line oral cavity, throat, vagina, and anal canal

14. Stratified Squamous

15. Epithelial Tissue: Stratified Cubiodal 2-3 layers Cube-shaped cells Line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas

16. Stratified Cubiodal

17. Epithelial Tissue: Stratified Columnar Top layer of elongated cells Cube-shaped cells in deeper layers Line vas deferens, male urethra, and part of pharynx

18. Stratified Columnar

19. Epithelial Tissue: Transitional Many cell layers Cube-shaped and elongated cells Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

20. Glandular Epithelium Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances Endocrine glands are ductless Exocrine glands have ducts

21. Types of Glandular Secretions Merocrine glands –Fluid product –Examples:Salivary glands, Pancreas and Sweat glands Apocrine glands –Cellular product –Portions of cells –Examples: Mammary glands and Ceruminous glands Holocrine glands –Secretory products –Whole cells –Example: Sebaceous glands

22. Types of Glandular Secretions

23. Connective Tissues General Characteristics –Most abundant tissue type –Have a matrix –Have varying degrees of vascularity –Have cells that usually divide

24. Connective Tissues Many functions Bind structures Provide support and protection Serve as frameworks Fill spaces Store fat Produce blood cells Protect against infections Help repair tissue damage

25. Connective Tissue- Major Cell types Fibroblasts –Fixed cell –Most common cell –Large, star-shaped –Produce fibers Macrophages –Wandering cell –Phagocytic –Important in defense Mast cells –Fixed cell –Release heparin and histamine

26. Connective Tissue Fiber Collagenous Fibers –Thick –Composed of collagen –Great tensile strength –Abundant in dense connective tissue –Hold structures together –Tendons, ligaments Elastic Fibers –Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin –Fibers branch –Elastic –Vocal cords, air passages Reticular fibers –Very thin collagenous fibers –Highly branched –Form supportive networks

27. Connective Tissues Connective tissue proper –Loose connective tissue –Adipose tissue –Reticular connective tissue –Dense connective tissue –Elastic connective tissue Specialized connective tissue –Cartilage –Bone –blood

28. Connective Tissues: Loose connective tissue Mainly fibroblasts Fluid to gel-like matrix Collagenous fibers Elastic fibers Bind skin to structures Beneath most epithelia Between muscles

29. Loose Connective Tissue

30. Connective Tissue: Adipose tissue Adipocytes Cushions Insulates Store fats Beneath skin Behind eyes Around kidneys and heart

31. Adipose Tissue

32. Connective Tissue: Reticular connective tissue –Composed of reticular fibers –Supports –Walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs

33. Reticular Connective Tissue

34. Connective Tissue: Dense connective tissue Packed collagenous fibers Elastic fibers Few fibroblasts Bind body parts together Tendons, ligaments, dermis Poor blood supply

35. Dense Connective Tissue

36. Connective Tissue: Elastic connective tissue Abundant in elastic fibers Some collagenous fibers Fibroblasts Attachments between vertebrae Walls of large arteries, airways, heart

37. Elastic Connective Tissue

38. Connective Tissues: Cartilage Rigid matrix Chondrocytes in lacunae Poor blood supply Three types –Hyaline –Elastic –fibrocartilage

39. Connective Tissue: Cartilage- Hyaline Most abundant Ends of bones Nose, respiratory passages. Embryonic skeleton

40. Cartilage- Hyaline

41. Connective Tissues: Cartilage- Elastic Flexible External ear, larynx

42. Connective Tissues: Cartilage- Fibrocartilage Very tough Shock absorber Intervertebral discs Pads of knee and pelvic girdle

43. Cartilage- Fibrocartilage

44. Connective Tissue: Bone Solid matrix Supports Protects Forms blood cells Attachment for muscles Skeleton Osteocytes in lacunae

45. Bone

46. Connective Tissue: Blood Fluid matrix called plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Transports Defends Clotting Throughout body in blood vessels Heart

47. Blood

48. Muscle Tissues General characteristics –Muscle cells are called muscle fibers –Contractile –Three types Skeletal Smooth cardiac

49. Muscle Tissues: Skeletal muscle tissue Attached to bones Striated Voluntary

50. Skeletal Muscle Tissue

51. Muscle Tissues: Smooth muscle Walls of organs Skin Walls of blood vessels Involuntary Not striated

52. Smooth Muscle Tissue

53. Muscle Tissue: Cardiac muscle Heart wall Involuntary Striated Intercalated discs

54. Cardiac Muscle Tissue

55. Nervous Tissues Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves Basic cells neurons Neuroglial cells are supporting cells Sensory reception Conduction of nerve impulses

56. Nervous Tissue

57. Types of Epithelial Membranes Serous Mucous Cutaneous

58. Epithelial Membrane- Serous Line body cavities that lack openings to outside Reduce friction Inner lining of thorax and abdomen Cover organs of thorax and abdomen Secrete serous fluid

59. Epithelial Membrane- Muccous Line tubes and organs that open to the outside world Lining of mouth, nose, throat, etc. Secrete mucus

60. Epithelial Membrane- Cutaneous Covers body Skin

61. Collagen Disorders Chondrodysplasia –Collagen chains too wide –Stunted growth –Deformed joints Hereditary osteoarthritis –Change in amino acid in collagen –Painful joints

62. More Collagen Disorders Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa –Breakdown of collagen that attaches skin layers –Stretchy skin –Lax joints