1. Foundations & Theoretical Aspects of Counselling Person Centred Counselling & Psychotherapy

2. Aims and objectives 4 Assess the fundamental principles of the person-centred approach

3. Carl Rogers 4 1902-1987 4 strict fundamentalist Protestant upbringing 4 trained for 2 years for the ministry 4 PhD clinical psychology 1931 4 changed name from client-centred to person-centred 4 had personal crises to work with

4. 4 His problematic childhood laid the foundation for a type of counselling that would help him and hence meet his needs 4 used his clients as a source of learning 4 saw the therapeutic encounter as a socially approved way of getting close to people without having to go through the normal way of acquiring friendships

5. Actualising tendency 4 “the inherent tendency of the organism to develop all its capacities in ways which serve to maintain or enhance the organism” (1959:196) 4 physiological needs; expansion through growth; enhance through relating and reproducing

6. Developing self-concept 4 Conscious awareness of ourselves 4 forms at an early age 4 “I” “me” 4 self knowledge 4 if there is a balance between self knowledge and actualising tendency = full & satisfactory life

7. Source of distress 4 Others: physical/emotional needs 4 ? Mismatch growth & satisfaction of those around us 4 gaining approval/warmth from others may be at odds with our own perceptions 4 conditions of worth: conforming to the ideals of others resulting in inner splits & conflicts

8. Preserving the self 4 Cannot please all people all of the time 4 can be flexible 4 situations/people at odds with our self- understanding/different parts of self come into conflict=anxiety 4 self-concept threatened 4 mismatch between experience and self- concept

9. Distortion & denial 4 Protection against distress 4 distortion: selective attention 4 denial: avoidance not acknowledge feelings 4 leads to internal splits

10. Changing distress 4 Healing inner splits 4 appropriate environment to do so 4 respect, deep understanding, honest & open presence will lead to unconditional safety and trust 4 need defense less across time

11. Client/counsellor relationships 4 Core conditions present in the counsellor 4 congruence 4 unconditional positive regard 4 empathy 4 presence

12. Core conditions 4 Congruence-self aware & open; client should be aware of this; disclosure 4 empathy-”deep listening to the internal world of another” p.178;needs to be communicated 4 unconditional positive regard-”..must be able to hold some degree of liking/respect for the client” p179