1. Dynamic Networking and Smart Sensing Enable Next-Generation Landmines William M. Merrill, Lewis Girod, Brian Schiffer, Dustin McIntire, Guillaume Rava, Katayoun Sohrabi, Fredric Newberg, Jeremy Elson, William Kaiser IEEE Pervasive Computing October-December 2004 Presenter : Tim

2. Outline History of Landmine Self-Healing Minefield SHM Operation SHM Hardware SHM Software SHM Performance Future Work Conclusion

3. History of Landmines 15 th century American Civil War wider use World War I antipersonnel mines, antitank mines World War II new deployment methods Recent landmine systems detonation by remote operator

4. Future Landmines System Current landmine systems are not good enough. Should include Networked communication Embedded processing Operating without external infrastructure Graceful degrading

5. Self-Healing Minefield (SHM) A DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ) Applied Technology Office program Dr. Thomas W. Altshuler is the Program Manager Three teams are engaged in research and development. Alliant Techsystems, Inc. Sandia National Laboratories Science Applications International Corporation Sensoria Corporation—Design, construction, and testing of the communications; ad hoc, multihop, self-assembling network; and the acoustic ranging subsystem. The program is completed and system technology is transited to the U.S. Army.

6. SHM Operation The graphs are from http://www.darpa.mil/ato/programs/SHM/htmldemo.html

7. SHM Objectives Autonomously identify and respond to an enemy attack within 10 seconds of a breach attempt or vulnerability in the minefield. Move an individual 2 kg prototype mine 10 meters in response to the breach Assure mine mobility in all environmental conditions and terrain where enemy tanks can operate. Rapidly assemble a scalable communication network and self-geolocate in 5-15 minutes. Provide robust mine-to-mine communication resistant to enemy countermeasures.

8. SHM Objectives (con.) Have a Non-GPS based geolocation with 1 meter location accuracy. Expand number for prototype mines to at least 50 and demonstrate tactically significant minefield behavioral response to an enemy breach. Maintain or reduce overall volume as compared to currently fielded scatterable antivehicle mines.

9. SHM

10. SHM Hardware This figure is borrowed from “Dynamic Networking and Smart Sensing Enable Next-Generation Landmines”

11. SHM Software This figure is borrowed from “Dynamic Networking and Smart Sensing Enable Next-Generation Landmines”

12. Testing 50 to 95 SHM nodes In a field 35-m deep by up to 190-m across (for 95 nodes) Obtain the results through Ethernet connections to a fraction of the nodes

13. SHM Performance The lack of correlation of test size and network formation time results from the parallel formation of the SHM dual-cluster topology and from the scalability of the developed network assembly algorithm. This figure is borrowed from “Dynamic Networking and Smart Sensing Enable Next-Generation Landmines”

14. SHM Performance (con.) J. Elson, L.Girod, and D. Estrin, “Fine-Grained Network Time Synchronization Using Reference Broadcasts,“ Proc. Fifth Sump. Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 2002) This figure is borrowed from “Dynamic Networking and Smart Sensing Enable Next-Generation Landmines”

15. SHM Performance (con.) 85 percent of range measurements within 1 m of ground truth and 70 percent of angle measurements within 20° of ground truth W. Merrill et al., ‘Autonomous Position Location in Distributed, Embedded, Wireless Systems,” Proc. IEEE CAS Workshop Wireless Communications and Networking, IEEE Press, 2002, pp. 1-8 This figure is borrowed from “Dynamic Networking and Smart Sensing Enable Next- Generation Landmines”

16. Future Work Include extend the system’s lifetime warhead communication security reduce size But.. The program is completed and system technology was transited to the U.S. Army.

17. Conclusion Some of the SHM technologies are under consideration and support of other weapon systems. http://www.darpa.mil/ato/programs/SHM/ Peace! No war!!