1. 1. Patterns of growth & their regulation

2. 2. Atrophy

3. 3. Metaplasia & dysplasia

4. 4. Dysplasia, neoplasia - pleiomorphism

5. 5. Regulators of cell growth

6. 6. Normal (regulated) growth vs. autonomous tumor growth

7. 7. Comparison of benign vs. malignant neoplasms

8. 8. Invasiveness of a malignant growth

9. 9. Characteristics of benign vs. malignant tumors

10. 10. Tumor cell mobility facilitates invasiveness

11. 11. Invasiveness finds path of least resistance

12. 12. Abnormal angiogenesis in tumor growth

13. 13. Generation time vs. doubling time

14. 14. Embolization & metastasis

15. 15. Probable pathways for metastasis

16. 16. Metastasis via lymphatics

17. 17. Establishment of secondary growth

18. 18. Obstructive effect of tumor

19. 19. Adhesions result from neoplasia

20. 20. Tumor impairment of marrow function

21. 21. Summary of tumor effects

22. 22. Oncogenes render cells vulnerable to transformation

23. 23. Initiation steps must precede promotion steps

24. 24. Damaged DNA – an initiation step

25. 25. Carcinogenic agents

26. 26. Tumor staging

27. 27. Effects of chemotherapy

28. 28. Immunotherapy

29. 29. Factors interfering with immunotherapy