1. System Users and Developers
Source: Management Information System
McLeod & Schell

2. Information Services (IS) Organization
Unit of the firm that has responsibility for the majority of the information resources
Other names: MIS Division, MIS Dept or IT Dept
Information resources
Hardware, software, information specialist, users, facilities, database & information
Information resources located in the IS and are the responsibility of the Chief Information Officer (CIO)
Information specialists
Person whose full-time responsibility is to contribute to the availability of information resources in the firm

3. Information Services (IS) Organization
Information specialists
System analysts
Programmers
Operators
Database administrators
Webmasters
Network specialists

4. Information Specialist
System Analysts
Work with the users to develop new systems & improve existing systems
Expert at defining problems & in preparing written documentation on how the computer will assist in solving the problems
Programmers
Use the documentation prepared by the system analysts to code computer programs that transform the data into information that is needed by the user.
Some firms combine the functions of the system analyst & programmer to be programmer analyst

5. Information Specialist
Operators
Run the large-scale computing equipment (such as: mainframe & server)
Monitor the consoles, change paper form in the printers, manage library of tape & storage, etc
Database Administrator
Has responsibility for the firm’s database
Planning, Implementation, Operation & Security

6. Information Specialist
Network Specialist
Work with system analyst and users in establishing the data communication networks that tie together widespread computing resources.
Expertise in the fields of computing & telecommunication
Webmaster
Responsible for the content & presentation of the firm’s website
Work with network specialist to ensure that the communication network between the firm, customers & business partners is always open
To track people who come to the firm’s website, an information to be used to review website’s effectiveness

7. IS Organizational Structure
Centralized structure
CIO
Manager
System Development
Manager
System Maintenance
Manager
Computer Operation
Manager
Database Administrator
Network Manager
System Analyst
System Analyst
Operation Personnel
Database Admin
Network Specialist
Programmer
Programmer

8. IS Organizational Structure
Trend from centralized to decentralized structure.
Allocating information resources to the business unit & granting the units the authority to decide how the resources would be applied
Divisional information officer (DIO)

9. IS Organization Structure
Innovative Organizational Structures
Partner model
IS works with business area in using IT to achieve business innovation
Platform model
IS not active initiate business innovation, but provide the IT resources so that innovation can be accomplished in business area
Scalable model
IS should provide information resources based on market opportunities

10. Network Model of Information System Organization
Top Management
Visioning Network
Innovation Network
Sourcing Network
CIO
Business Area
Vendors

11. Network Model (Cont’d)
Visioning network enables the CIO to work with top mgmt. in strategic planning for information resources.
Innovation network is used by the CIO to interface with business areas so that innovations can be developed.
Sourcing network is utilized to interface with vendor for acquiring information resources.

12. End-user Computing Traditional Communication Chain Computer User
Database Admin
Computer
User
System Analyst
Programmer
Operator
Network Specialist
Webmaster

13. End-user Computing
End-user computing (EUC) is the development by users of all or parts of their information systems.
EUC has 4 main influences:
The impact of computer education.
The information services backlog.
Low-cost hardware.
Prewritten software.

14. End User Computing Communication Chain
Information Specialist
support
User
Computer
communication

15. Benefits of EUC Match capabilities and challenges.
The shift in the workload for system development to user area frees up the information specialist to concentrate on organization-wide complex system
Reduce the communication gap.
User understand the problem area better than technology
Information specialist less knowledgeable in the problem area

16. Risks of EUC Poorly targeted systems.
Poorly designed & documented systems.
Inefficient use of information resources.
Loss of data integrity.
Loss of security.
Loss of control.

17. Education Criteria, Knowledge, & Skills Needed for IS Careers
Systems development knowledge
Computer literacy
Information literacy
Business fundamentals
Systems theory
Systems development process
Systems life cycle (SLC) & Systems development life cycle (SDLC)
Systems modeling

18. Knowledge Requirements

19. Education Criteria, …(Cont’d)
Systems development skills
Communications skills
Analytical ability
Creativity
Leadership

20. Table 4.2 Skills Requirement

21. Managing the Knowledge
Office automation includes all of the formal & informal electronic systems primarily concerned with the communication of information to and from persons both inside and outside the firm.
Example: word processing, spreadsheet, , e-calendar, videoconference, etc
Shift from clerical to managerial problem solving.

22. Virtual Office
Office work can be done at virtually any geographical location as long as the work site is linked to one or more of the firm’s fixed location by some type of e-communication capability
Telecommuting describes how employees could electronically “commute” to work.
Hoteling is when the firm provides a central facility that can be shared by employees as the need for office space and support arises.

23. Virtual Office (Cont’d)
Advantages
Reduced facility cost.
Reduced equipment cost.
Reduced work stoppages.
Social contribution.
Disadvantages
Low morale.
Fear of security risks.

24. Virtual Organization
Three I Economy is those industries that are most attracted to the concept of the virtual office & the virtual organization and those that add value in the form of information, ideas, and intelligence.
Eg: Education, health care, entertainment, travel, consulting