2. New Age of Human Achievement  Characteristics  Renaissance = Rebirth  1300s – 1600s  Assimilation of classical ideas of ancient Greece and of the Arabic world

3. New Age of Human Achievement  Came through Italy  Venice’s and the merchant Republics’ relationship with the Middle East  Scholars searching the libraries of the world for works of ancient Greece  Black Death encouraged secularism because of the Catholic Church’s inability to stop the disease

4. New Age of Human Achievement  Characteristics  Individualism - moral, political, or social outlook that stresses human independence  Also increasing urban areas made these changes across society

5. Urbanism  Italian City-States  Milan – ruled by the Visconti dukes  Venice – ruled by the merchants who elected a Doge  Florence – ruled by the De’ Medici family

6. New Age of Human Achievement  Niccolò Machiavelli  Wrote The Prince  Said that rulers should do things for the sake of the state  Old writers stressed that rulers must behave based on Christian morals

7.  Secular Humanism  humanist philosophy that upholds reason, ethics, and justice, and specifically rejects the supernatural and the spiritual as warrants of moral reflection and decision- making  a non-religious life stance focusing on the way human beings can lead good and happy lives

8.  Education  Many intellectuals wrote books and open schools based on their ideas  Liberal Studies  They believed studying these liberal arts let people reach their full potential

9.  Math and Science  Created the square root, and positive and negative numbers  Architecture brought new forms of engineering  Rediscovered astronomy and our heliocentric solar system  Galileo was excommunicated by the church for writing that the earth revolved around the sun

10.  Renaissance Literature  Dante  The Divine Comedy  William Shakespeare  Wrote plays in comedic, historic, and tragedy forms  Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Julius Caesar

11.  Miguel de Cervantes  Wrote the comedic romance story of Don Quixote

12.  Rebirth of Art  Realistic style  Developed by a fresco painter  Painting becomes technical even mathematical  Investigation of movement and human anatomy  Human Nudes

13.  Masters of the High Renaissance  Leonardo da Vinci  Realistic painting  Dissected human bodies to see how nature worked  Raphael  Perfected perspective  Michelangelo  Sistine Chapel ceiling  The David

14.  Leonardo da Vinci

15.  Raphael

16. Michelangelo

17.  Northern Masters  Albrecht Dürer  Ritter, Tod und Teufel

18.  Jan van Eyck  Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

19. Protestant Reformation  “…I do not accept the authority of popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other—my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen.” -Martin Luther

20.  Before Luther  Christian Humanism  Goal: Reform the Catholic Church  Combine reason and faith  Erasmus  Belief: “the philosophy of Christ”  Live good lives, no need for salvation  Internal religious validation

21. The Church Before Reformation  Popes failed the people spiritually  Popes gained military power  Popes more worried with money  Sold indulgences (buying salvation to raise money for the Church)

22.  Martin Luther  Was a monk and professor in Wittenberg, Germany  Believed humans were not saved by good works  But through faith in God alone  Justification by Faith

23.  95 Theses  Luther was upset about the selling of indulgences  Especially upset at Johann Tetzel  On Oct. 31, 1517, Luther nailed his 95 theses to the Church door in Wittenberg  Got help from the German princes  Kept only two sacraments (communion and baptism)

24. – excommunicated – Was made an outlaw by the Edict of Worms – Went into hiding and his beliefs spread throughout N. Europe – Lutheran Church began

25. Zwingli  Switzerland reformer; less elaborate church services and decorations; no relics John Calvin  Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion  Agreed on justification by faith  But believed in predestination  Predetermination by God on who will go to Heaven and those who will go to Hell  Became stronger than Lutheranism

26.  Henry VIII  Split with the Catholic Church because the pope refused to annul one of his marriages  Created the Church of England  Became the Anglican Church (Episcopal)

27. Anabaptists  Did not like princes or kings having so much power in the church  Adult baptism not infant  Each church chose its own leader  Were persecuted by Catholics and other protestants alike

28. Catholic Reformation  The Society of Jesus, Jesuits  Started by Ignatius of Loyola  Missionaries used education to teach and spread Catholic doctrine  Papal Reform  Stopped corruption of the past  Council of Trent  Faith and good works needed for salvation  Indulgences forbidden

29.  Results of the Protestant Reformation  Religious Conflicts throughout Europe  Thirty Year’s War between France and different kingdoms within the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) and a decades long civil war in France between the Huguenots and the Catholics that ended with the Edict of Nantes, declaring religious freedom except in Paris

30.  Church leaders reform the Catholic Church  Missionaries start to spread Catholicism more after renewed vigor from the Catholic Reformation  Northern Europe becomes largely Protestant  Protestant churches practice self- government (except in England)  The idea of federalism starts within these churches and spreads to local governments  Especially in Switzerland