2. Unit 4 Grammar Past participle used as Adverbial

3. 1.Because the girl was greatly touched by her teacher’s words, she did a lot of things to help her classmates. Greatly touched by the teacher’s words, she did a lot of things to help her classmates. （原因状语）

4. When the sheep is attacked by a wolf, it is very afraid. Attacked by a wolf, the sheep was very afraid. （时间状语）

5. The teacher entered the office, as she was followed by a group of students. （方式，伴随状语） Followed by a group of students, the teacher entered the office.

6. If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fall. United, we stand; divided, we fall. （条件状语）

7. Although they are exhausted by the climb, they continued their journey. (Although) Exhausted by the climb, they continued their journey. （让步状语）

8. _______ from the top of the hill, the sea is very beautiful. _______ from the top of the hill, I like the city very much. Seen Seeing

9. _________ for a long time, the book looks old. _________ the book, I find it useful. Used Using

10. 表时间 1. When it is heated, ice will be changed into water. = When heated, ice will be changed into water. 2. When it is seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six- pointed. = (When)Seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six- pointed shape.

11. 表原因 1. Since/ As she was given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. = Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. 2. Because it was done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes. = Done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes.

12. 表条件或者假设 1. If they had been given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better. = Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better. 2. If I am compared with you, we still have a long way to go. = Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.

13. 表方式或伴随情况 1. The hunter left his house, followed by his dog. = The hunter left his house, and he was followed by his dog. 2. She sat by the window, lost in thought. = She sat by the window, and she was lost in thought. lost 表示一种迷失心理状态

14. Ex.1 1. United we stand, divided we fail. → If we are united, we will stand, but if we are divided, we will fail. 2. Asked what had happened, he told us about it. →When he was asked what had happened, he told us about it. 把过去分词作状语改写成状语从句：

15. 3. Well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures. →Because he was well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures. 4. Given more time, we would be able to do the work much better. If we were given more time, we would be able to do the work much better.

16. 5. Left alone at home, Sam did not feel afraid at all. Although he was left alone at home ， Sam did not feel afraid at all.

17. 过去分词的特点： 1. 表示被动的动作； 2. 表示已经完成的动作, 3. 表示状态 现在分词的特点 : 1. 表示主动的动作； 2. 表示正在进行的动作, 3. 表示伴随

18. I was attracted by the style of the car. I decided to buy it. Attracted by the style of the car, I decided to buy it. Example: 过去分词作状语 1. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示 _____ 的和 ______ 的动作。 被动 完成 2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语， 此时应注意主语人称一致。 summary

19. Combine the two sentences 1. He was hit by the lack of fresh air. He got a bad headache. He was Hit by the lack of fresh air, he got a bad headache. ＼ ＼

20. 2. You were swiftly trained in one-year space course. you mastered the skills. 3.They had been given more attention. The cabbages could have grown better. Swiftly trained in in one-year space course,you mastered the skills. Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.

21. 4. _________(follow) by some officials, the leader inspect his army. 5. __________(follow) their teacher, the students went into the classroom with book in their hands. 6. He sat in the armchair, ______________ ( 看报纸 ). 7. When __________________( 离开机场 ), they waved to us constantly. Followed Following reading newspaper leaving the airport

22. 1. 从上面看, 体育场好像一个鸟巢。 ____(see) from the top, the stadium looks like a bird nest. 2. 从太空看, 宇航员看不到长城。 ____ (see) from the space, the astronaut can not discover the Great 3. ___________________( 给以更多的关注 ), the trees could have grown better. Seen Seeing Given more attention

23. Ex2. 用过去分词作状语来改写句子。 1.As I was worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days. → _______________________, I was unsettled for the first few days. Worried about the journey

24. 2. If he is given time, he ’ ll make a first- class tennis player. → _________, he ’ ll make a first-class tennis player. 3) As I was confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air. → ______________________________, I was hit by the lack of fresh air. Given time Confused by the new surroundings

25. 4) When he was questioned by the police about the fire, he became tense. → __________________________ ______, he became tense. Questioned by the police about the fire

27. 过去分词作状语 1 ．基本特点和形式 过去分词作状语要特别注意其逻辑主语应该和句子的主 语保持一致。通常过去分词在句中可以作时间状语、 原因状语、方式状语、伴随状语和让步状语等，而且 可以与对应的状语从句进行句型转换。 1 ） ____ time ， he'll make a first-class tennis player ．（北京 '03 ） A ． Having given B ． To give C ． Giving D ． Given 点拨：作条件状语，相当于 If he is given time ，．．．

28. 3 ） Mr ． Smith ， ____ of the ____ speech ， started to read a novel ．（北京春 '03 ） A ． tired ； boring B ． tiring ； bored C ． tired ； bored D ． tiring ； boring 点拨： be tired of 的意思是 “ 厌倦 ……” ，过 去分词短语在句中作原因状语，其逻辑主 语是句子的主语 Mr ． Smith ；现在分词 boring 的意思是 “ 令人厌烦的 ” ，修饰 speech 。

29. 2 ．对逻辑主语一致不作要求的过去分词 有些过去分词在使用过程中已经转换成介词或连词，此时 作状语已无法从逻辑主语一致来理解，此类过去分词要 引起注意。如： 1 ） ____ the general state of his health ， it may take him a while to recover from the operation ．（京皖 春 2000 ） A ． Given B ． To give C ． Giving D ． Having given 点拨：此处的 given 是介词，意思是 “ 鉴于、考虑到 ” 。 2 ） Granted that he is absent ， there is no excuse ． 点拨： granted that 的意思同 even though ／ even if ，用 来引导让步状语从句，意思是 “ 尽管，即使 ” 。

30. 1. The programs ____ (put) on yesterday evening were really wonderful. 2. ____ (send) to the hospital immediately, the wounded soldier was saved. 3. You'd better not get the plastic bags and boxes ____ (burn), for it will give off some harmful gas and pollutants into the air. 4. The firefighters are trying their best to rescue all the people ______ (trap) in the fire. put Sent burnt trapped

31. 5. The little girl was very ________ (frighten) at a frightening voice. 6. They found the house ______ (break) into and rang up the police at once. 7. The bridge that was ____ (build) twenty years ago needs repairing. 8. If _____ (give) more time, we could do it better. frightened broken built given

32. 1 ．（ MET'90 ） Most of the artists ____ to the party were from South Africa ． A ． Invited B ． to be invited C ． being invited D ． has been invited 2 ．（上海春 2003 ） Unless ____ to speak ， you should remain silent at the conference ． A ． invited B ． inviting C ． being invited D ． having invited 高考链接

33. 3 ．（上海春 2002 ） When ____ ， the museum will be open to the public next year ． A ． completed B ． completing C ． being completed D ． to be completed 4 ．（上海 '98 ） If ____ the same treatment again ， he is sure to get well ． A ． giving B ． give C ． given D ． being given 5 ．（上海 2000 ） ____ in 1636 ， Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States ． A ． Being founded B ． It was founded C ． Founded D ． Founding

34. 1. Following the old man, we went upstairs. — we followed ( 跟着那个老人, 我们上去了 ) 2. Followed by the old man, we went upstairs. (we were) ( 被那个老人跟着, 我们上去了 ) Compare

35. 3. 从上面看, 体育场好像一个鸟巢。 ____ from the top, the stadium looks like a bird nest. A. Seeing B. Seen 4. 从太空看, 宇航员看不到长城。 ____ from the space, the astronaut can not discover the Great Wall. A. Seeing B. Seen

36. Difference between the Present Participle and the Past Participle _____for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧. ______ the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用. ________ at her, he jumped with joy. _______at by her, he jumped with joy. Used Using Looking Looked

37. 注意：选择现在分词还是 过去分词，关键看主句的 主语。如分词的动作是主 句的主语发出，分词就选 用现在分词，反之就用过 去分词。

38. Complete each sentence using the Past Participle of the right verb. 1) _________ by noises in the night, the girl no longer dare to sleep in her room. 2) The lady returned home, ________ by two policemen. frighten trap follow shoot Frightened followed

39. 3) If _______ in a burning building, you should send for help. 4) Although ____in the leg, he continued firing at the police. trapped shot

40. 4. The computer centre, ___ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened 简析 : 该题应选 D 。测试过去分词短语 作定语放在所修饰的名词后, 可以用非 限制性定语从句 “ which was opened last year ” 代替。

41. 5. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written 简析 : 该题应选 D 。测试过去分词作后 置定语表达被动, 等于定语从句 which were written 。

42. 另外, 分词作状语时, 如果其 逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不 一致时, 需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。 ( 此时, 也可把该分词看成介词的宾语 补足语。 )

43. 例 : The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 简析 : 很显然, 待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands, 而不是句子的主语 The murderer, 而 his hands 对于动词 tie 来 说, 只能是被动承受。因此, 该题应选。

44. 5. The research is so designed that once _____ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun

45. 7. She was sad because of ___ any chance left. A. there being not B. there not being C. not there being D. there was not 8. Don ’ t use words, expressions, or phrases _____ only to people with specific knowledge. ( 上海 2002) A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known

46. 9. _______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (01’ 全国夏 ) A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered

47. 10. Before ____, the machine must be checked. A. being used B. using it C. being used to D. using 11. Prices of daily goods ________ through a computer can be lower than store prices. (02’ 京皖春 ) A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying

48. 17. Unless __ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited 18. When __, the museum will be open to the public next year. A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed

49. 19. ___ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. A. Being found B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding

50. ( )20. ________ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player. (03’ 北京 ) A.Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given ( )21. When ________, the museum will be open to the public next year. (02’ 上海春 ) A.completed B.completing C. being completed D. to be completed

51. Exercise ( )22. The researcher is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it. (02’ 全国 ) A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun