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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Chapter 4 Communicating, Perceiving, And Understanding This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The importance of perception What is perception? Perception and the individual The individual, perception, and society Ethics and perception Improving your perception skills Overview of Themes
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Importance of Perception
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Perceptions determine understanding and action Identities influence perception ◦ Perception influences identities The Importance of Perception
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. What Is Perception?
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. We consciously or unconsciously pay attention to certain stimuli Selective attention ◦ Aspects of our own identity ◦ Features of another person or object ◦ Our goals We also notice stimuli that ◦ Are negative ◦ Violate expectations ◦ Occur in important situations Selection
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Organization = recognize and order observed stimuli Ex: Tapping on your window at night – what is it? Organization
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cognitive representation = human ability to form mental models of the world Schemas ◦ Prototype – idealized schema ◦ Script – sequence of events expected to occur Ex: Introductions Cognitive Representation
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Process of group information or objects with linguistic symbols ◦ Labeling – naming a category ◦ Stereotyping – over-generalize Categorization
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Assigning meaning to stimuli ◦ Frames Influenced by experience, mood, personality Ex: Perceiving world as dangerous place perceiving tapping on window as burglar Interpretation
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Attribution theory ◦ Explains cognitive and verbal processes we use to judge others’ behavior ◦ Internal v. external causes ◦ Attributional bias Self-serving bias: positive is internal; negative is external ◦ Fundamental attribution error Ex: Driver who cuts you off is a jerk. Attribution
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Perception and the Individual
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Influenced by: ◦ Physical factors ◦ Cognitive complexity More constructs for things that interest us Constructs develop with age, intellect, experiences Higher complexity = diverse explanations/perceptions ◦ Personality Emotional state Outlook Knowledge Perception and the Individual
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Individual, Perception, and Society
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Position in society affects perception Relative power (or lack thereof) influences: ◦ How others perceive you ◦ How you perceive others and the world The Role of Power
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sensory models ◦ All cultures emphasize one of the 5 senses Cultural norms, values, expectations form a backdrop of familiarity, which affects perception The Role of Culture
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Social comparison leads to expectations about how others should or should not behave. The Role of Social Comparison
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The pattern of viewing all other groups against the standards of the group(s) with which you identify Ethnocentrism
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Categorizing others and making assumptions based on broad generalizations Help us define what we expect from certain groups Stereotypes
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Stereotypes often lead to prejudice, or negative feelings about a group (or individual in that group) Ego-defensive function – protects sense of self-worth Value-expressive function – protects sense of worth in values, norms, culture Prejudice
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Time period in which one grows up affects perception of events and others Cohort effect – generations who experience similar sets of events may share perceptions The Role of Historical Time Period
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Position in society affects perception and communication Others’ expectations for you are tied to education, training, and socialization Social Roles
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Ethics and Perception
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The ways you communicate with and about others finds root in your perceptions. Irresponsible/unethical categorization may lead to avoidant, inappropriate, or offensive communication. The use of derogatory terms may reinforce negative responses to groups Ethics and Perception
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Improving Your Perception Skills
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Perceptions are subject to error because of complex steps of formation Improve by: ◦ Being mindful ◦ Not assuming your perceptions are accurate ◦ Reflecting on your social role, cultural background, physical condition, etc. ◦ Separating facts from inferences ◦ Checking your perceptions
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