1. Introducing Translation Studies Chapter 3 Fatema Abo Al- Said

2. The Influence of Chomsky Ch omsky’s generative –transformational model Analyzes sentences into a series of related levels governed by rules. These rules are capable of producing an infinite number of meaningful sentences. At the level of surface structure. This is done through a process of transformation such as substitution, addition, deletion and combination.

3.  The key feature of this model can be summarized as follows:  1- phrase - structure rules ( are type of rules used to break down sentences into its constituent). generate an underlying or deep structure. Which is  2- transformed by transformational rules relating one underlying structure to another( e.g. active to passive), to produce  3- a final surface structure, which itself is subject to phonological and morphological rules.

4.  Surface structure sentence is a form of sentence resulted from modification, transformation.  1- you close the door…….is active  2- The door is closed by you…….is passive  3-close the door……is imperative So if you take a look, those sentences seem to be identical since they have the same underlying deep structure

5.  These structural relations are held by Chomsky to be universal feature of human language. The most basic of such structures are Kernel sentences, which are simple, active declarative sentences that require the minimum of transformation.  Nida incorporates key features of Chomsky’s model into his(science) of translation. He sees that it provides the translator with a technique for decoding the ST and a procedure for encoding the TT. Although he reverse Chomsky’s model when analyzing the ST. Thus the surface structure of the ST is analyzed into its basic elements of the deep structure then these are transferred in translation

6.  These structural relations are held by Chomsky to be universal feature of human language. The most basic of such structures are Kernel sentences, which are simple, active declarative sentences that require the minimum of transformation. Nida incorporates key features of Chomsky’s model into his(science) of translation. He sees that it provides the translator with a technique for decoding the ST and a procedure for encoding the TT. Although he reverse Chomsky’s model when analyzing the ST. Thus the surface structure of the ST is analyzed into its basic elements of the deep structure then these are transferred in translation

7.  Examples of analysis (Nida 1964) designed to illustrate the different  Constructions with the preposition of, are :  Surface structure : will of God  Back transformation : B(object, God) performs A(events, wills)  And  Surface structure : creation of the world  Back transformation :B( object the world) is the goal of A (event, creates).

8.  Nida and Taber 1969 claim that all languages have between six and a dozen basic kernel structures and agree far more on the level of kernels  Than on the level of more elaborate structures  Kernels are the level at which the message is transferred into the receptor language before being transformed into the surface structure in three stages: ‘ literal transfer, minimal transfer, and literary transfer’.