1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings fgh sfg dfg PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lesson #10: Environmental Policy: An Introduction & U.S. Environmental Policy

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Objectives: Define the term environmental impact statement (EIS). Describe environmental policy and assess its societal context. Identify the institutions important to U.S. environmental policy and recognize major U.S. environmental laws.

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Define Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) A report of the results from detailed studies that assess the potential effects on the environment that would likely result from development projects or other actions undertaken by the government or business.

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings San Diego and Tijuana The Tijuana River empties into the Pacific Ocean, carrying millions of gallons of untreated wastewater San Diego’s waters receive storm water runoff Beaches are off-limits to swimming Rains wash pollutants onto U.S. and Mexican beaches, but things are worse on the Mexican side

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Environmental policy Policy = a formal set of general plans and principles to address problems and guide decisions -Makes use of information from science -Makes use of values from ethics and economics Public Policy = policy made by governments that consists of laws, regulations, orders, incentives, and practices  Environmental Policy = pertains to human interactions with the environment  Designed to protect natural resources and environmental amenities from degradation or depletion, and  Designed to promote equitable treatment of people  Describe environmental policy and assess its societal context…

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Environmental policy and resource use Policies include science, ethics, and economics Market failure = businesses or individuals don’t minimize environmental impact Justification for government intervention The tragedy of the commons = we must develop guidelines for commonly held resources Restrict use and actively manage resources Some traditional societies safeguard against exploitation The threat of overexploitation is a driving force behind much environmental policy  Describe environmental policy and assess its societal context…

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Environmental policy and equity Free Riders = reducing pollution tempts any one person to cheat Private voluntary efforts are less effective than mandated efforts External Cost = harmful impacts result from market transaction but are borne by people not involved in the transaction Environmental policy goals = protect resources against the tragedy of the commons and to promote equity by eliminating free riders and addressing external costs  Describe environmental policy and assess its societal context…

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Why are environmental laws unpopular? Environmental laws are challenged, derided, and ignored Environmental policy involves government regulations Businesses and individuals view laws as overly restrictive and unresponsive to human needs Most environmental problems are long-term processes Human behavior is geared toward short-term needs News media have short attention spans Politicians act out of their own short-term interest

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Results from actions of the three branches of government  Legislative branch = creates statutory law  Executive branch = enacts or vetoes legislation  Issues executive orders  Judicial branch = interprets laws  Administrative agencies = the “fourth branch” -Established by the president or Congress Framework of U.S. policy  Identify the institutions important to U.S. environmental policy and recognize major U.S. environmental laws.

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings State and local policies affect environmental issues Important environmental policy is also created at the state and local levels State laws cannot violate principles of the U.S. Constitution, If laws conflict, federal laws take precedence California, New York, and Massachusetts have strong environmental laws The interior western states put less priority on environmental protection and favor unregulated development

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Constitutional amendments and environmental law Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution Prohibits denying “equal protection of its laws” It’s the Constitutional basis for the environmental justice movement Fifth Amendment = takings clause Bans the literal taking of private property Also bans regulatory take, which deprives a property owner of economic uses of the property There is a sensitive balance between private rights and the public good

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Early First Wave of U.S. environmental policy  Involved management of public lands, 1780s to the late 1800s  Promoted settlement  Extraction of natural resources Increased prosperity Relieved crowding in Eastern cities Displaced millions of Native Americans People believed that land was infinite and inexhaustible  Identify the institutions important to U.S. environmental policy and recognize major U.S. environmental laws.

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  The second wave of U.S. policy  Addressed impacts caused by the first wave  Public perception and government policy shifted  Mitigated environmental problems associated with westward expansion Yellowstone National Park, the world’s first national park, opened in 1872 Other protected areas were created National wildlife refuges, parks, and forests Reflected a new understanding that the West’s resources were exhaustible and required legal protection  Identify the institutions important to U.S. environmental policy and recognize major U.S. environmental laws.

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  The third wave of U.S. environmental policy Mid-to late-20th century Better off economically But dirtier air, dirtier water, and more waste and toxic chemicals  Increased awareness of environmental problems shifted public priorities and policy  Policy targeted pollution and gave us many of today’s major environmental laws 1962: Silent Spring (by Rachel Carson) described the negative ecological and health effects of pesticides and industrial chemicals  Identify the institutions important to U.S. environmental policy and recognize major U.S. environmental laws.

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Modern U.S. environmental policy The Cuyahoga River was polluted with oil and industrial waste It caught fire in the 1950s and 1960s Today, public enthusiasm for environmental protection remains strong The majority of Americans favor environmental protection In April, millions of people celebrate Earth Day

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Today… a Fourth Wave of Environmental Policy  Occurring internationally  Centers around sustainable development  Identify the institutions important to U.S. environmental policy and recognize major U.S. environmental laws.

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 1970 began the modern era of environmental policy  Created the Council on Environmental Quality  Requires an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for any federal action that might impact the environment NEPA forces the government and businesses to evaluate the environmental impacts of a project  Identify the institutions important to U.S. environmental policy and recognize major U.S. environmental laws.

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The EPA shifts environmental policy Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Conducts and evaluates research Monitors environmental quality Sets and enforces standards for pollution levels Assists states in meeting standards and goals Educates the public

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Significant environmental laws The public demanded a cleaner environment and supported tougher environmental legislation

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The social context for policy can change Three factors converged to allow major advances in environmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s Wide evidence of environmental problems People could visualize policies to deal with problems The political climate was ripe, with a supportive public and leaders who were willing to act In recent years, the political climate has changed People felt burdened by environmental regulations Attempts have been made to roll back or weaken environmental laws

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Future environmental policies Will depend on having the American environmental movement reinvent its approach It needs to appeal to people’s core values Start showing why these problems are actually human issues and affect our quality life Future policies need to articulate a positive, inspiring vision for the future Currently, the United States has retreated from its leadership Other nations have increased their attention to environmental issues

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings fgh sfg dfg PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lesson #11: Environmental Policy: International Environmental Policy

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Objectives: Define the term World Trade Organization (WTO). List the institutions involved with international environmental policy and describe how nations handle transboundary issues. TED - Can the interests of an individual nation be reconciled with humanity's greater good? Can a patriotic, nationally elected politician really give people in other countries equal consideration? Following his TED Talk calling for a global ethic, UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown fields questions from TED Curator Chris Anderson.

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Define World Trade Organization (WTO) Organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, that represents multinational corporations and promotes free trade by reducing obstacles to international commerce and enforcing fairness among nations in trading practices.

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Earth Summit The largest international diplomatic conference ever held It centered on the idea of sustainable development This fourth wave of environmental policy focuses on sustainable development Finding ways to safeguard natural systems while raising living standards for the world’s poorest people Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2002  Many environmental problems cross political boundaries and must be addressed internationally  List the institutions involved with international environmental policy and describe how nations handle transboundary issues…

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  International Environmental Policy  International issues can be addressed through creative agreements  Customary law = practices or customs held by most cultures  Conventional law = from conventions or treaties Montreal Protocol: nations agreed to reduce ozone- depleting chemicals Kyoto Protocol: reduces fossil fuel emissions causing climate change An international wastewater treatment plant  List the institutions involved with international environmental policy and describe how nations handle transboundary issues…

27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Organizations help shape international policy International organizations influence the behavior of nations Providing funding, applying peer pressure, directing media attention  United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) = helps nations understand and solve environmental problems  The European Union seeks to promote Europe’s unity and economic and social progress Can enact binding regulations Can also issue advisory directives  List the institutions involved with international environmental policy and describe how nations handle transboundary issues…

28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  The World Trade Organization (WTO) Represents multinational corporations to promote free trade Has authority to impose penalties on nations the don’t comply with its directives Interprets some environmental laws as unfair barriers to free trade Brazil and Venezuela filed a complaint against the U.S. EPA’s regulations requiring cleaner-burning fuel The WTO agreed with Brazil and Venezuela, despite threats to human health Critics charge the WTO aggravates environmental problems  List the institutions involved with international environmental policy and describe how nations handle transboundary issues…

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  NGOs and the World Bank  Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) = entities that influence international policy Some do not get politically involved Others try to shape policy through research, lobbying or protest  The World Bank = one of the world’s largest funding sources for development Dams, irrigation, infrastructure Funds unsustainable, environmentally damaging projects  List the institutions involved with international environmental policy and describe how nations handle transboundary issues…

30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings TED Video Gordon Brown on global ethic vs. national interest (17:10) Britain's former prime minister Gordon Brown played a key role in shaping the G20 nations' response to the world's financial crisis, and was a powerful advocate for a coordinated global response to problems such as climate change, poverty and social justice. Can the interests of an individual nation be reconciled with humanity's greater good? Can a patriotic, nationally elected politician really give people in other countries equal consideration?

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings fgh sfg dfg PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lesson #12: Environmental Policy: The Environmental Policy Process & Approaches to Environmental Policy

32. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Objectives: Define the term Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Delineate the steps of the environmental policy process and evaluate its effectiveness. Categorize the different approaches to environmental policy. TED - In an emotionally charged talk, MacArthur-winning activist Majora Carter details her fight for environmental justice in the South Bronx -- and shows how minority neighborhoods suffer most from flawed urban policy.

33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Define Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) An administrative agency created by executive order in 1970. The EPA is charge with conducting and evaluating research, monitoring environmental quality, setting standards, enforcing those standards, assisting the states in meeting standards and goals, a educating the public.

34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Six steps to making environmental policy Requires curiosity, observation, awareness  Delineate the steps of the environmental policy process and evaluate its effectiveness…

35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Step 2 Involves scientific research and Risk assessment = judging risks a problem poses to health or the environment  Delineate the steps of the environmental policy process and evaluate its effectiveness…

36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Step 3 Risk management = developing strategies to minimize risk Involves social or political action  Delineate the steps of the environmental policy process and evaluate its effectiveness…

37. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Step 4 Organizations are more effective than individuals But a motivated, informed individual can also succeed  Delineate the steps of the environmental policy process and evaluate its effectiveness…

38. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Step 5 Lobbying = spending time and money to influence a politician Environmental advocates are not the most influential lobbyists Political Action Committees (PACs) = raise money for political campaigns The revolving door = the movement of people between the private sector and government Intimate knowledge of an issue or conflict of interest?  Delineate the steps of the environmental policy process and evaluate its effectiveness…

39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Step 6 Prepare a bill, or draft law, containing solutions Following a law’s enactment Administrative agencies implement regulations Policymakers evaluate the policy’s successes or failures The judicial branch interprets the law  Delineate the steps of the environmental policy process and evaluate its effectiveness…

40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Environmental Policy Effectiveness…  In a democracy, anyone can use the political process, although corporations and organizations with money and resources tend to have the most clout.  Delineate the steps of the environmental policy process and evaluate its effectiveness…

41. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Science plays a role, but can be politicized Effective policy decisions are informed by scientific research Sometimes policymakers ignore science They let political ideology determine policy Scientists at government agencies have had their work suppressed or discredited -Their jobs were threatened When taxpayer-funded research is suppressed or distorted for political ends, everyone loses  Delineate the steps of the environmental policy process and evaluate its effectiveness…

42. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Approaches to environmental policy  Command-and-control approach: environmental policy sets rules or limits and threatens punishment for violators (i.e., legislation from Congress and regulations from administrative agencies) Heavy-handed Alternative approaches involve using economic incentives to encourage desired outcomes and use market dynamics to meet goals Most current environmental laws -Have resulted in safe, healthy, comfortable lives  Categorize the different approaches to environmental policy…

43. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Drawbacks of command-and-control Government actions may be well-intentioned but not informed Interest groups–people seeking private gain–unduly influence politicians Citizens may view policies as restrictions on freedom Costly and less efficient in achieving goals  Categorize the different approaches to environmental policy…

44. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Widespread market-based economic policy tools  Tax breaks = encourage desirable industries or activities  Subsidy = a government giveaway of cash or resources to encourage a particular activity Have been used to support unsustainable activities In 2003, $58 billion of taxpayer’s money was spent on 68 environmentally harmful subsidies such as building logging roads  Categorize the different approaches to environmental policy…

45. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Another market-based economic policy tool  Green taxes = taxes on environmentally harmful activities Polluter pays principle = the price of a good or service includes all costs, including environmental degradation Gives companies financial incentives to reduce pollution But, costs are passed on to consumers  Categorize the different approaches to environmental policy…

46. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Market-based permitting and incentives  Permit trading = government-created market in permits Businesses buy, sell, trade these permits Emissions trading system = government-issued permits for an acceptable amount of pollution and companies buy, sell, or trade these permits with other polluters Cap-and-trade system = a party that reduces its pollution levels can sell this credit to other parties -Pollution is reduced overall, but does increase around polluting plants Companies have an economic incentive to reduce emissions  Categorize the different approaches to environmental policy…

47. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings TED Video Majora Carter's tale of urban renewal (18:33) Majora Carter fights for environmental justice in her hometown of New York's South Bronx. She's working not just to hold back the polluters who target low- income neighborhoods like hers, but to bring back the green -- and create green jobs. With her inspired ideas and fierce persistence, Carter managed to bring the South Bronx its first open-waterfront park in 60 years.

48. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings fgh sfg dfg PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lesson #13: Environmental Policy: Lab : The Ecological Footprint Exercise

49. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Objectives: In this exercise you will use an online Ecological Footprint Calculator to calculate the environmental impact of your own choices and then see how your individual impact scales to people from other nations.

50. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Calculating Ecological Footprints Mathis Wackernagel and his many colleagues at the Global Footprint network have continued to refine the method of calculating ecological footprints – the amount of biologically productive land and water required to produce the energy and natural resources we consume and to absorb the waste we generate. According to their 206 report, there are nearly 1.8 hectares (4.4 acres) available for every person in the world, yet we use on average more than 2.2 ha (5.4 acres) per person, creating a global ecological deficit, or overshoot of about 25%. Compare the ecological footprints of each of the countries listed in the table. Calculate their proportional relationship to the world’s population average ecological footprint and to the land available globally to meet our ecological demands. CountryEcological footprint (hectares per person) Proportion relative to world average footprint Proportion relative to world area available Bangladesh0.5 Colombia1.30.73 (= 1.3/1.78) Mexico2.6 Sweden6.1 Thailand1.4 United States9.6 World Average2.231.00 (= 2.23/2.23)1.25 (= 2.23/1.78) Your Personal Footprint

51. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Calculating Ecological Footprints 1) Why do you think the ecological footprint for the people in Bangladesh is so small? Why is it so large for people living in the United States? 2) Based on the data in the table, how do you think average per capita income affects ecological footprints? 3) Go to the online footprint calculator http://www.myfootprint.org/en/ and take the test to determine your own personal ecological footprint. Enter the value you obtained in the table, and calculate the other values as you did for each nation. How does your footprint compare to those of people in the United States and other nations? Name three actions you could take to reduce your footprint.http://www.myfootprint.org/en/