1. ROME
From Kingdom to Empire

2. SO FAR: REPORT CARDS TOTAL 81 % 78% CATEGORY EGYPT GREECE CITIES 86 83
CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT 78 73
AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION 84 65
JOB SPECIALIZATION 80 79
SOCIAL CLASS STRUCTURE 76 72
MERCHANTS & TRADE 77
STATE RELIGION 85
SCIENCE & WRITING 89
TOTAL
81 %
78%

3. GEOGRAPHY
Similar to that of Greece with harsh mountainous terrain leaving valleys for cities.

4. 3 Stages of Rome ROMAN KINGDOM: 753 – 509 BC
No written text survived
Romulus & Remus
ROMAN REPUBLIC: 509 – 27BC
Julius Caesar
ROMAN EMPIRE: 44BC – 476 AD (West)
Augustus
Trajan
Caligula
Etc.

5. The Rise of Rome
RECALL: Under what circumstances were Greece & Egypt developed?
THE KINGDOM OF ROME was forged with blood and battles.
Like raising a newborn baby in the middle of an apocalypse.
The Etruscans (Northern Italians) & other local latin tribes were at constant war with Rome and only through victory were they able to solidify themselves first as a city and later expand as an empire.
ROME will constantly be at war during the length of its civilization.

6. THE BIRTH OF THE REPUBLIC
The Republic overthrows the monarchy (the rulers of the kingdom)
EARLY STRUCTURE OF THE REPUBLIC
2 CONSULS
THE SENATE

7. ROLE OF THE CONSULS
The Previous duties of the ‘King’ were given to the consul
Elected each year for a 1 year term
Civil Role – Mayor-life, can call the senate, and run the senate but can’t act without approval of the senate
Military Role - Consul has way more control (senate intervene outside of Rome). They command the armies can kill a man for a crime if they so choose.
Times of Crisis – A dictator was selected for maximum 6 months

8. ROLE OF THE SENATE
Power is constantly increased or decreased, a constant source of controversy in Ancient Rome
The Senate is the true leader of the Romans
Composed of Ex-Magistrates (next slide)
ROLES
Oversee everything
“Advise” the magistrates (magistrates pretty much obeyed)
The judge and jury

9. FINE TUNING
PATRICIANS – The ancestors of the elite pervious rulers of Roman Kingdom
PLEBIANS (PLEBS) – “Commoners” not slaves, but not well off like the Patricians
BIG SURPISE – The Republic is dominated by Patricians early on. The Plebs rebel and fight for rights and eventually the Republic is restructured…

10. LATER REPUBLIC STRUCTURE
DICTATOR
Absolute power for maximum 6 months
Citizen positions
SENATE:
Lifelong membership
Composed of ex-magistrates
Control the $$$$
Advises Magistrates
Magistrates
CONSUL -2
Lead Armies and preside over senate
POWER / IMPORTANCE
PRAETORS: Judicial Duties
TRIBUNES:
Protect rights of plebs and veto power (2-10)
AEDILES:
Festivals, games, city upkeep, markets
CENSOR:
Determines Citizenship
QUAESTOR:
Financial Duties
TRIBAL ASSEMBLY:
All citizens organized by Tribes Legislative Body
CENTURIATE ASSEMBLY:
All citizens organized by wealth

11. COMPARE: Power Distribution
FEW
MANY

12. WAIT? HOW DO I GET POWER?
EGYPT – Hereditary (Passed down from Pharaoh to his son)
GREECE
Athens – Elected but power so limited because of extreme democracy
Sparta – Had to be from one of the 2 royal families
Macedonia – Hereditary
ROME
As a citizen I can get elected? For 1 year? Not bad 
After that year as a magistrate1 I’m automatically a member of the senate? Awesome. 

13. FEELINGS ON THE REPUBLIC?
Maybe sounds a little too simple, too good to be true. ?
PROS (+)
CONS (-)
What is this?
THINK HERE!
NOT HERE
We shall see how this plays out….

14. REMEMBER THAT BLOOD I WAS TALKING ABOUT…..
C. 600 BCE: Wars with the Etruscans
: The Roman Fidenean War
Let there always be everlasting enmity between the seed of Aeneas and Carthage until one destroys the other. - DIDO
THE PUNIC WARS

15. THE ROMAN LEGION LEGION – 5500 Men (10 Cohorts)
Cohorts 2-10: 480 Men (6 Centuries)
Commanded by a Centurion
1st Cohort: 800 Men (only 5 Centuries)
Had specialists like blacksmiths, builders etc.
Led by the “First Spear” – highest ranking Centurion

16. LEGION STRUCTURE

17. THE ROMAN LEGIONARES