1. Unit 1 Biological Principles

2. What is Biology? Bio= Life ology= Study of Divisions of Biology Botany: Study of Plants Zoology: Study of Animals Microbiology: Study of small organisms Genetics: Study of heredity Evolution: Study of change over time Ecology: Study of organisms and their environments

3. Levels of Biological Organization 6 levels of organization for all living things 1. Organic Molecules 3. Tissues 2. Cells 4. Organs 5. Organ Systems 6. Organism

4. Organic Molecules: Molecules that make all living organisms Cells: The smallest units of all living organisms. Have small parts called organelles. Tissues: A group of cells that has the same function. Organs: A group of tissues that works together to accomplish the same function Organ systems: A group of organs that works to accomplish the same function Organism: A group of organ systems

6. Functions of all living things Nutrition: Getting food Digestion: Changing food to useable form Absorption: Getting water, ions and food from the environment Biosynthesis: Using food to make new organic molecules Respiration: Breaking down food to release energy Excretion: Separation of waste from body tissues

7. Secretion: Making special chemicals that affect other cells Response: Change due to stimulus (light, heat, pressure) from environment. Ex: Locomotion Reproduction: Cells dividing to make new cells (Mitosis) Metabolism: Total of all chemical reactions that build up and tear down complex molecules (proteins, starch, sugar…etc).

8. What exactly is Science? It is a body of knowledge that is constantly changing (dynamic) The goal of Science is to understand principles Science starts with data – Data= observations – Two types: Quantitative: Uses numbers – “There are 5,000 cells in this sample” Qualitative: Uses the senses – “There is black fungi growing on the bread”

9. Experimental Design Inference: Making a statement based on what you know Control Group: In an experiment, this is the group that is not changed – You always know the outcome for this group Experimental Group: In an experiment, this is the group that is experimented on – This group is where you gather data to compare to the control group

10. Independent variable: The part of the experiment that is controlled by the person doing the lab. – “I” control this variable Dependant variable: The part of the experiment that changes depending on what the person does to the independent variable Constant: What does not change in an experiment

11. The Scientific Method The method used in all scientific experimentation Is a logical, step by step method for discovery

12. Observation: State the problem that you are trying to solve Hypothesis: Create an “if/then” statement – If I put my hand in a beaker of boiling water, then it will burn me. Experiment: Complete your experiment Analysis: What did the experiment show you? – Did the experiment prove your hypothesis to be true? New Hypothesis: If your hypothesis was proven false, create a new one depending on what you discovered Experiment again!

13. Theories in Science Theory: A possible explanation to a problem that is backed by evidence Can be changed when new evidence is discovered Are usually not easily accepted in science, thus not proven Examples: Theory of natural selection, germ theory

14. How do we measure in Science? Metrically! Base units: – Grams- Weight Measurement – Liter- Liquid Measurement – Meter-Length Measurement

15. Abbreviations khdag,l,mdcm PrefixKilohectodekabasedecicentimilli Meaning1000100101.1.01.001 Practice Problems: a. 90 cm= __________mm b. 60 mL= __________ cL c. 12.2mg= _________ g d. 602m= __________mm e..51L= __________ mL

16. How do we see small objects? The microscope! – Micro= small -Scope= to view Magnification: The power to make objects larger Resolution: The power to show details clearly Specimen: What you are viewing

17. Ocular Arm Coarse Adjustment Fine Adjustment Base Body Tube Revolving Nose Piece Objectives Stage Clips Stage Diaphragm Light Source

18. ObjectivePowerOcularTotalMagnification Scanning41040 Low10 High40 Oil Immersion* 100

19. Complete Catch It Question 12 Comp Book Time!