1. Gynosperms

2. Gymnosperms
720 species
“naked seed” seeds not enclosed in any structure
Cones called strobili
Do NOT need water for sperm to reach egg- now covered to reduce water loss
Pollen- enclosed sperm

3. Ginkgos- Ginkgophyta
1 species alive- Ginkgo biloba flourished during age of dinosaurs
Fan-shaped leaves
Resistant to air-pollution, insects, disease, highly planted in cities
Seeds are thick and fleshy and produced on female trees

4. Ginkgos
Figure 9.1: Ginkgo biloba (A) typical leaf; (B) pollen-bearing strobilus; (C) paired ovules on stalk at the point of pollination. Ovules continue to develop and fertilization takes place after ovules fall to the ground.

5. Ginkgos

6. Cycads- Cycadophyta 100 species alive- also flourished with dinosaurs
Male and female plants
Leaves resemble a palm tree
Large cones
Several species facing extinction

7. Cycads

8. Cycads

9. Gnetophyta
3 genera
One or two strap-shaped leaves that split as the plant ages
Ephedra- gives us the drug ephedrine

10. Ephedra

11. Conifers- Coniferophyta
Pine trees
Produce true cones
Male cones are small, clustered and fleshy
Female cones are large and become woody
Leaves are needle-like