1. Aircraft Turbomachinery
Aarohi Palkar
COSMOS 2015 Cluster 3

2. What is a Turbomachine? Why do we need them?
A turbomachine is a device that exchanges mechanical energy with a continuously flowing fluid with the help of rotating blades.
Why do we need them?

3. What is a Turbomachine? Two types: -Turbine: Fluid loses energy
-Compressor: Fluid gains energy

4. History of Turbomachines
Hero of Alexandria developed the first jet engine in 100 BC, called the Aeolipile
Steam exiting the holes on the disk generated thrust to spin the disk

5. Aircraft Turbomachinery
Turbojet
Turbofan
Turboprop
Ramjet and Scramjet

6. Turbojet

7. Turbojet
History
-Sir Frank Whittle from Britain and Hans von Ohain from Germany invented the turbojet in the 1930’s
-The first turbojet airplane was the Heinkel He 178
Pros:
Relatively simple design
Capable of very high speeds
Takes up little space
Cons:
High fuel consumption
Loud
Poor performance at slow speeds

8. Turbofan

9. Turbofan Pros: Fuel efficient History Quieter than turbojets
Cons:
Heavier than turbojets
Larger frontal area than turbojets
Inefficient at very high altitudes
History
The Daimler-Benz DB 670 was the first turbofan, which was operated on April 1, 1943.

10. Turboprop

11. Turboprop Pros: History Very fuel efficient
Most efficient at mid-range speed between knots
Most efficient at mid-range altitudes of 18,000-30,000 feet
Cons:
Limited forward airspeed
Gearing systems are heavy and can break down
History
The first turboprop engine was designed by the Hungarian mechanical engineer György Jendrassik

12. Ramjet

13. Scramjet

14. Brayton cycle Isentropic in the compressor, and the turbine + nozzle
Pressure is constant in the combustor
Generates thrust

15. Scientists: Mach and Magnus

16. Ernst Mach
Born on February 18th 1838 in Chirlitz-Turas, near Brno, in what today is the Czech Republic
Began with the difference between geometric space and physiological space
Contributions to philosophy, physics and physiological psychology. studied gas dynamics
Mach numbers named after him

17. Mach Numbers Mach Number = Object Speed Speed of Sound
Subsonic: < Mach 1
Transonic: Mach 1
Supersonic: > Mach 1
Hypersonic: > Mach 5
However, Mach numbers are relativistic, since the speed of sound depends on the given medium.

18. Heinrich Gustav Magnus
German chemist and physicist, who did research under Gay-Lussac and Thénard.
Born in Berlin, Germany, on 2 May 1802
Discovered Magnus’s Green Salt
Dealt with thermoelectricity, electrolysis, electromagnetic induction,  absorption and conduction of heat in gases, polarization of heat, and the deflection of projectiles from firearms
Magnus effect

19. Magnus Effect
Bernoulli Effect: Velocity is inversely proportional to Pressure
Lower pressure where the ball spins in the direction of the velocity, higher pressure where it spins against the direction of velocity.
Force directed to the region of low pressure.

20. Thank You!

21. Bibliography
"Fundamentals of Turbomachinery." ~ Learn Engineering. Web. 23 July "How The 4 Types Of Turbine Engines Work." How The 4 Types Of Turbine Engines Work. Web. 23 July "Engines." Engines. NASA. Web. 23 July "Turbine Engine Thermodynamic Cycle - Brayton Cycle." Turbine Engine Thermodynamic Cycle - Brayton Cycle. Web. 29 July Pojman, Paul. "Ernst Mach." Stanford University. Stanford University, 21 May Web. 24 July 2015 "Ernst Mach - Biography." Ernst Mach. Web. 24 July "Magnus Effect." Human-kinetics. Web. 24 July "Magnus, Heinrich Gustav." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008, and "Magnus, Heinrich Gustav." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed "Magnus, Heinrich Gustav."Encyclopedia.com. HighBeam Research, Web. 24 July 2015.