1. Chapter 4.1-4.5 Pt 1 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry PHall AP info. NOT integrated into this presentation - REVISED SEPT 2013

2. Chapter Four: TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY Sugar & Potassium Chlorate video not sure where it goes...

3. Chapter 4 Table of Contents Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2 4.1 Water, the Common Solven4.1 Water, the Common Solvent 4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolyte4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes 4.3 The Composition of Solution4.3 The Composition of Solutions 4.4 Types of Chemical Reaction4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions 4.5 Precipitation Reaction4.5 Precipitation Reactions

4. 4 Chapter 4 Table of Contents CW: Go over some previous problems. Notes 4.1-4.5+ including videoclips Check balanced eqn sheet on computer - show score Quiz - Types of chemical rxns (based on last year classifications) Homework Ch. 4 part 1 Sect.4.1-4.5+ pg. 171-173 #17ab,18a-d+, 21a-c, 23a-d, 26, 27, 30a, 31, 33, 36(a-h), 38(a-d), 40, 41b, 47, 49, & 53 (36 parts) due Monday - October 7th. Keep in mind you will have other assignments on Thursday also, so try to get as much done now as you can. HW: Lab report Mass vs. Mole Relationships due Thursday HW: Study for ch. 3 quiz on Thursday HW today due with limiting reactants w/sheet by end of block. TEST ch.3-4 tentatively set for October 11th 4 Current & Upcoming Assignments - TUES - OCT 1, 2013

5. Section 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 3 One of the most important substances on Earth. Can dissolve many different substances. A polar molecule because of its unequal charge distribution. Click on link below to see interactive water molecule. http://www.edinformatics.com/interactive_molecules/water.htm

6. 6 Section 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent Return to TOC A water molecule is formed when two atoms of hydrogen bond covalently with an atom of oxygen. In a covalent bond electrons are shared between atoms. In water the sharing is not equal. The oxygen atom attracts the electrons more strongly than the hydrogen. This gives water an asymmetrical distribution of charge. Molecules that have ends with partial negative and positive charges are known as polar molecules. It is this polar property that allows water to separate polar solute molecules and explains why water can dissolve so many substances.water molecule Water is a good solvent due to its polarity. The solvent properties of water are vital in biology, because many biochemical reactions take place only within aqueous solutions solutions 6

7. 7 Section 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent Return to TOC When an ionic or polar compound enters water, it is surrounded by water molecules. The relatively small size of water molecules typically allows many water molecules to surround one molecule of solute. The partially negative dipoles of the water are attracted to positively charged components of the solute, and vice versa for the positive dipoles. An example of an ionic solute is table salt.salt. Liquid water has a partially ordered structure in which hydrogen bonds are constantly being formed and breaking up.hydrogen bonds The strong hydrogen bonds also give water a high cohesiveness and, consequently, surface tension. This is evident when small quantities of water are put onto a nonsoluble surface and the water stays together as drops.

8. 8 Section 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent Return to TOC You must be in play mode to watch the videoclip 4:51

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4– Dissolution of a Solid in a Liquid Click here to watch video. MUST LOG-IN TO TEXTBOOK - dvann@bryantschools.orgdvann@bryantschools.org Hornets13 password

10. Solute A solute is the dissolved substance in a solution. A solvent is the dissolving medium in a solution. Solvent Salt in salt water Sugar in soda drinks Carbon dioxide in soda drinks Water in salt waterWater in soda

11. “Like Dissolves Like” Fats Fats Benzene Benzene Steroids Steroids Hexane Hexane Waxes Waxes Toluene Toluene Polar and ionic solutes dissolve best in polar solvents Nonpolar solutes dissolve best in nonpolar solvents Inorganic Salts Water Water Sugars Sugars Small alcohols Small alcohols Acetic acid Acetic acid (sugars are molecular not ionic but does dissolve in water well))

12. Mr. Vann’s Demonstration movie of Like Dissolves Like Make sure you are in Play mode to watch - automatically plays

13. Section 4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 5 Solute – substance being dissolved. Solvent – liquid water. Electrolyte – substance that when dissolved in water produces a solution that can conduct electricity. Nature of Aqueous Solutions

14. 14 Section 4.3 The Composition of Solutions Return to TOC Continue with 4.1-4.5 Part 2 Presentation