1. Confederation and Constitution Chapter 9

2. I. The Pursuit of Equality A. Separation of church and state develops B. Slavery C. Women 1. Republican motherhood a) women were to give moral education to children b) Civic Virtue

3. II. State Constitutions A. Bills of Rights B. Strong legislatures, weak executive and judicial branches

4. III. The Articles of Confederation A. Ratified in 1781 B. Weak central government C. Unicameral legislature, each state having one vote. D. No power to tax, regulate commerce, raise an army.

5. IV. Important Legislation Under Articles of Confederation A. Land Ordinance of 1785 1. Settlement and organization of Ohio Valley 2. Division into townships, 6 square miles, subdivided into 36 sections 3. One section set aside for public schools B. Northwest Ordinance of 1787. 1. process of territories becoming states 2. 60,000 people, write a constitution, petition Congress

6. V. The World’s Ugly Duckling A. A lack of respect from Europe B. Britain 1. Refused to repeal Navigation Laws 2. Occupied forts in the west C. Spain 1. Closed mouth of Mississippi River (1784) 2. Claimed disputed territory near Gulf of Mexico D. France 1. Demanded repayment of debts 2. Viewed the U.S. in terms of defeating Britain

7. VI. The Specter of Anarchy A. National debt mounting as states would not pay taxes. B. Boundary disputes and economic wars between states. C. Shay’s Rebellion 1. An example of unrest that motivated a call for stronger national government. 2. Democracy= mob rule D. Weakness of Articles of Confederation becomes evident to some

8. VII. A Call for Change A. Mount Vernon Convention 1. 1785 2. Maryland and Virginia B. Annapolis Convention 1. 1786 2. 5 states 3. Resulted in call for a broader convention

9. VIII. The Constitutional Convention A. 55 delegates meet in Philadelphia May 1787 B. The task: create a stronger central government 1. Scrap the Articles 2. Secret proceedings 3. G.W. selected president of Convention 4. Need for commerce powers, executive, judiciary

10. VIII. The Constitutional Convention C. The Plans 1. The Virginia Plan- James Madison 2. The New Jersey Plan 3. The Great Compromise (Connecticut) D. Other compromises 1. Three-Fifths Compromise 2. Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise E. Did the new Constitution limit liberty? 1. Text calls it “Conservative Triumph”

11. IX. Ratification: Federalists v. Anti- federalists A. Anti-federalist objections 1. The government was too strong. 2. No Bill of Rights 3. No mention of God 4. Illegal ratification method B. The Federalist Papers: a series of essays written to support ratification of the Constitution in New York 1. James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton