2. Evolution The process of change (growth and/or development)

3. THE EARTH IS OVER 4.5 BILLION YEARS OLD

4. EVOLUTION Geological change = change in the earth

5. EVOLUTION Organic change = change of living things

6. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION IS… THE FOSSIL RECORD 1. Amber – insects trapped in sticky resin from trees called amber 2. Ice 3. Minerals, bones or teeth may be preserved 4. Tar pits

7. THE FOSSIL RECORD 5. Petrifaction – organisms in water decay and the form is replaced by minerals from the water that turns to stone 6. Molds –hollow shape of an organisms forms from minerals at the bottom of a lake 7. Casts – minerals may harden in the mold that forms a replica of the organism 8. Impressions – prints left in the mud that harden into stone

8. Evidence of Evolution Complete page 3 in your packet

9. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION FROM LIVING ORGANISMS I. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 1. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES 2. ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES 3. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES

10. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION FROM LIVING ORGANISMS I. Comparative anatomy – homologous structures Internally similar (anatomically and embryologically) Different externally – adapted for different functions

11. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION FROM LIVING ORGANISMS I. Comparative anatomy – analogous structures Similar externally for similar functions (different types of wings) Different internally (structures have evolved differently)

12. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION FROM LIVING ORGANISMS I. Vestigial structures – structural remains were functional in an earlier ancestral form (they have evolved differently) Wisdom teeth Appendix Coccyx (tail bone) Muscles of the ears and nose

13. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION FROM LIVING ORGANISMS II. Comparative embryology Embryos of closely related species show similar patterns of development

14. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION FROM LIVING ORGANISMS III. Comparative biochemistry Structural formula for cellulose (polysaccharide found in plants’ cell walls) Structural formula for chitin (polysaccharide found in the shells of insects)

15. Evidence of Evolution Complete pages 6 and 7 in your packet

16. Theories of Change Complete pages 8 and 9 in your packet

17. MODERN EVOLUTION THEORY

18. Jean Baptist de Lemark (1809) Lemark believed that species evolved from pre-existing species because they needed to adapt to changes in the environment

19. Lemark’s Theories LAW OF USE AND DISUSE: Characteristics used become stronger and better developed Characteristics not used become weaker and less developed

20. AND THE PROBLEM WITH THIS IS?

21.  DNA does not pass on adaptations from the environment that were not in the original gametes How was Lemark proven wrong?  Weismann (1870) cut off tails of mice for 22 generations – the 23 rd generation had normal length tails

22. Weismann said: According to this theory, variations occur from time to time in the individuals of a population, as a result of genetic mutationsmutations which occur to some extent naturally, by copying errors, but can also be caused by chemicals known as mutagens or by ionizing radiation, especially X-rays or cosmic rays.mutagensionizing radiationX-rayscosmic rays Some variations are reproductively more successful than others so that through this indirect process, aided by the further processes of crossing over, and assortative mating the genetic structure of a breeding group gradually changes.crossing overassortative mating Friedrich Leopold August Weismann (1834-1914)

23. CHARLES DARWIN (1831)

24. Darwinism On the Galápagos Islands, Darwin, collected birds, and noted that finches differed depending on which island they came from.Galápagos Islands Separated species had developed special adaptations to their environment

25. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Organisms with favorable variations would be better able to survive and reproduce than organisms with unfavorable variations Nature selects the survivor

26. “On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection” by Charles Darwin

27. Darwin’s Key Ideas 1. OVERPRODUCTION: species produce more offspring than needed because only a few will live to reproduce 2. COMPETITION: space and food are limited and species compete to survive 3. VARIATION: variations occur and the important ones increase the chances of survival

28. Darwin’s Key Ideas 4. ADAPTATIONS: favorable adaptations will increase survival and the chances for reproductions 5. NATURAL SELECTION: organisms with favorable variations will produce in large numbers and the offspring will inherit these variations 6. SPECIATION: over many generations, favorable variations increase and unfavorable variations will disappear

29. INTELLIGENT DESIGN Intelligent design is the assertion that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection"universeliving thingsintelligentcausenatural selection

30. Evidence of Evolution Complete pages 11 - 13 in your packet

31. RATE OF EVOLUTION Organisms evolve slowly Missing link fossils are not found because they are rare GRADUALISM

32. RATE OF EVOLUTION Organisms remain the same for long periods of time (equilibrium) For a brief time there is an interruption with a new species PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

33. Rate of Evolution Complete page 15 in your packet