1. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials, 3 rd Edition CRAIG STANFORD JOHN S. ALLEN SUSAN C. ANTÓN

2. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Origins of Evolutionary Thought

3. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. What is Science? Standard scientific research procedure in which a hypothesis is stated, data are collected to test it, and the hypothesis is either supported or refused The Scientific Method

4. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Scientific Method Observation experimentation deduction hypothesis

5. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Early Thinkers The Roots of Modern Science Ancient Greeks often are credited with the first written efforts to understand the natural world and our place in it Aristotle First known animal and plant classification Immutability of species

6. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Roots of Modern Science (cont’d) The Renaissance (14 th – 16 th centuries) “Rediscovering” the Greeks and Romans Sense of time Sense of cultural variation

7. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Roots of Modern Science (cont’d) The study of human anatomy Global exploration European Naturalism

8. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Linnaeus and the Natural Scheme of Life taxonomy Binomial nomenclature

9. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Road to the Darwinian Revolution Comte de Buffon (1707 – 1788) – Accepted the notion of biological change Georges Cuvier (1769 – 1832) – Catastrophism Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772 – 1844) – Opposed Cuvier Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829) – Theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics

10. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Uniformitarians: Hutton and Lyell Theory that the same gradual geological process we observe today was operating in the past James Hutton (1726 – 1797) Charles Lyell (1797 – 1875)

11. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Darwinian Revolution Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) Voyage on the HMS Beagle – 1831-1836 – Southern Hemisphere The Galapagos – Variations of tortoise – Finch variation – Adaptive radiation – Biogeography – Natural Selection

12. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Refining the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Observation 1: All organisms have the potential for explosive population growth Observation 2: Yet populations are roughly stable… Deduction 1: There must be a struggle for existence Observation 3: Nature is full of variation Deduction 2: Some variations are favored while others are not

13. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Natural Selection The trait in question must be inherited The trait is question must show variation between individuals The environment must exert some pressure on the trait FitnessPopulationMutation

14. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Science and Creationism Faith vs. Testable Evidence Supreme Court Rulings “Creation Science”“Intelligent Design”