1. Homework Quiz Question 1
The neurotransmitter released from neuron A and B together causes the postsynaptic membrane of nerve D to become more permeable to sodium.
However, the neurotransmitter released from nerve C causes the postsynaptic membrane of nerve D to become less permeable to sodium but more permeable to potassium.
Why does the stimulation of neuron A and B together produce an action potential in neuron D, but the stimulation of neuron A and C together fails to produce an action potential?

2. Answer 1
Neuron A and B are excitatory neurons causing a depolarization of neuron D, making it easier to reach threshold level.
Neuron C is an inhibitory neuron causing hyperpolarization of the resting membrane D, making it more difficult to achieve threshold level.
A + C

3. Question 2
Three different nerve synapse on a single neuron, as shown above. Neuron D innervates muscle. The experimental data is shown below.
Neuron Stimulated
Effect on Muscle A
Contraction
A and B
No contraction
A and C C
B and C
From this data, indicate which neuron releases an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Answer: Neuron B

4. Nerves that carry information between organs and CNS
Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic
Sympathatic
Parasympathetic
Somatic Nerves
Sensory Nerves
Motor Nerves
Central Nervous System
Nerves that carry information between organs and CNS
Brain and spinal cord
involuntary
voluntary
Fight or flight
Rest and digest
Info from environment sent to CNS
Info sent from CNS to effector cells

5. Central Nervous System

6. Central Nervous System
Brain
coordinating centre of the nervous system
Spinal cord
Carries sensory nerve messages from receptors to the brain
Relays motor nerve messages from the brain to muscles, organs and glands
(Sensory Neuron)
(Motor Neuron)

7. Blood-Brain Barrier Meninges
Protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Determines which chemicals may enter the brain
Provides shock absorption

8. Blood Brain Barrier nutrients are not brought to brain by the blood.
nutrients transported by the cerebrospinal fluid
Between the pia and arachnoid mater
Middle of the spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid

9. Meningitis inflammation of the meninges
viruses
bacteria
antibodies do not reach the brain
requires prompt medical treatment

10. Parts of the Brain

11. Three Sections of the Brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hind brain

12. The Brain
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

13. Forebrain olfactory lobes – receive information about smell
cerebrum – coordination of senses and voluntary motor actions
largest and most highly developed in humans
further split into four lobes
cerebral cortex – cerebrum surface
Grey matter
Has many folds that increase surface area

14. What is intelligence? What is I.Q.? What does it measure?
History of biometrics / IQ testing

15. The Brain
forebrain

16. The Brain

17. Activity of Brain - fMRI
Figure 48.1

18. Frontal Lobe controls voluntary muscle movement
responsible for reasoning
modulates emotions based on socially acceptable norms
Phineas Gage story – pg. 432

19. The Brain

20. Temporal Lobe processes vision and hearing
amygdala – processes memory and emotions
hippocampus – long-term memory

21. The Brain

22. Parietal Lobe processes touch and temperature visuospatial analysis
examines numbers and processes ratios
Visuospatial Tests

23. Visuospatial Tests
What is the missing number in the following sequence? ?

24. Visuospatial Tests
Of the groups of images, which does not belong?

25. Visuospatial Tests
Count the number of triangles or squares.

26. Visuospatial Tests
The geometric figure below can be divided with one straight line into two parts that will fit together to make a perfect square. The dividing line must connect which 2 points?

27. Visuospatial Tests
The design on the left is made up of three paper squares of different sizes, one on top of the other. Assuming the squares are opaque and cannot be folded or otherwise altered, what is the minimum number of squares needed to create the design on the right?

28. Visuospatial Tests
Fold the top image into a 3-D cube. Which of the bottom images represents the correctly folded object?

29. The Brain

30. Occipital Lobe responsible for primary visual information processing
coordinates information gathered from the retina

31. The Brain
midbrain

32. Midbrain
thalamus – relays information between various parts of cerebrum (brain surface)
hypothalamus – homeostatic regulation
pituitary – homeostatic regulation

33. Midbrain Regions

34. The Brain
hindbrain

35. Hind Brain
cerebellum – regulates limb movement, balance and muscle tone
finer muscle movements involve signals along more nerves
medulla oblongata – controls involuntary muscles e.g. Breathing, diameter of blood vessels and heart rate
pons – bridges information between cerebellum and medulla oblongata

36. Cerebellum

37. Medulla Oblongata & Pons

38. Brain Hemispheres Right vs. Left Brain
Information stored in one side of the brain is not necessarily present in the other
right brain
visual patterns & spatial awareness
left brain
verbal skills & logic
corpus callosum – nerve bundle allows communication between hemispheres

39. Corpus Callosum

40. Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

41. Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic nerves
Carries signals to skeletal muscles
Voluntary –conscious control
Autonomic nerves
Regulates the internal environment
Involuntary – without conscious control
E.g. heart rate, blood pressure, etc.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

42. Autonomic Nervous System
sympathetic nervous system – prepares body for stress
affected by epinephrine / norepinephrine
parasympathetic nervous system – restores body to normal balance
affected by acetylcholine

43. Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic

44. Classwork/Homework Section 9.3 – Pg. 434 #1,3,4,6,7