1. 1. Become familiar with evidence on relationship between democracy and: 1.Education. 2.Religion. 3.Political Culture. 4.Facilitating Events. 2. Assess persuasiveness of causal links.

2. Education

3. Economic growth Democracy

4.  Predicted 74-75 “free” countries (Freedom House measures) by 2020.  Actually 90 “free” countries by those measures in 2007.

5. EducationEconomic growth Democracy Directly Indirectly

6. Religion

7.  1988: 39/46 democratic countries dominant Christian

8.  Pre-1900: ¾ of democratic countries.  Catholicism considered hindrance until 3 rd wave.

9.  Pre-1960s: Catholic Church associated with powerful elites in society. ◦ Mid-1960s: Church began to oppose authoritarian regimes (“liberation theology”) ◦ Influence on Brazil, Chile, Philippines, Poland transitions.

10.  Persistent set of undemocratic countries.  Possible difficulties reconciling restrictions on participation with democratic principles.

11.  Yet 2/3 of Muslims live in democratic regimes.  Manji: Problem is with Islamist ideology. Manji  Ibrahim: problem not with Islam but history and rulers on Arab peninsula.

12.  Considered mostly unimportant now.

13. Political Culture

14. “specifically political orientations – attitudes towards the political system and its various parts, and attitudes toward the role of the self in the system.” (Almond & Verba)

15.  “Civic political culture” necessary for stable democracy.  Citizens: ◦ Feel competent ◦ Have urge to participate ◦ Are tolerant of diversity ◦ Are positive towards their political institutions; value the system over any particular policy outcome.

16. Civic CultureDemocracy

17. Civic CultureDemocracy

18.  Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy in America  Robert Putnam: Making Democracy Work  “civic community” in northern Italy

19. Civic CultureDemocracy

20. 1. Economic crisis 2. Losing a major military conflict

21.  Performance as source of legitimacy for recent authoritarian regimes.  Legitimacy to particular government rather than procedures of regime.

22.  Democratic regimes: legitimacy of regime rules and procedures as well as current government.

23.  Economic Crisis ◦ E.g. oil crises 1973-4 and 1979  Oil-importing countries suffered.  Argentina, Greece.

24.  Loss of Major Military Conflict ◦ Argentina (Falklands-Malvinas) ◦ Greece (Cyprus) ◦ Portugal (colonial wars) ◦ USSR (Afghanistan)