1. 1 Sexual Reproduction in Animals

2. 2 One of the most important characteristics of living things is their ability to REPRODUCE All living things will eventually die because of a limited lifespan. What would happen if animals died without reproducing? They would become extinct.

3. 3 Reproduction in animals ensures that –there will always be animals of their own kind around. –there will be continuity of their kind. There are basically two modes by which new individuals are produced, namely 1.ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND 2.SEXUAL REPRODUCTION What is asexual reproduction ? In asexual reproduction, a new individual develops or grows from a single parent. All the new individuals formed are identical to the parent which produced them.

4. 4 AMOEBA PARAMECIUM

5. 5 What is sexual reproduction? In sexual reproduction, new individuals are formed by the fusion of a male reproductive cell (male gamete) and a female reproductive cell (female gamete). This fusion is known as fertilization. –In plants, we now know that the male gamete is found in the pollen grains. –and the female gamete is found in the Ovules What about animals?

6. Mrs Theresa Teo/2003 6 In animals, the male gametes are known as –Sperms The female gametes are known as –ova or eggs Sexual Reproduction in Animals

7. 7 Asexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction Adult parent Detached portion of Parent new adult Male gameteFemale gamete fertilization zygote new adult

8. 8 For the new individual to start developing through sexual reproduction, fertilization must take place. Fertilization happens when the sperm meet and fuse with the ovum (egg) to create a new cell called a zygote. The zygote will have some characteristics from the male parent and some from the female parent. FERTILIZATION

9. 9 Sexual Reproduction leads to Variations in Offspring Children

10. 10 Fertilization can take place internally or externally (inside or outside the female’s body). In internal fertilization, the sperm from the male fuses with the egg inside the female’s body. In external fertilization, the sperm fuses with the egg outside the body of the female. –The female deposits the eggs outside the body and the male releases million of sperm into the water nearby. The sperm swim to the eggs and fuse with them. –Therefore, this method is used by most aquatic animals. FERTILIZATION

11. 11 After fertilisation, what happens to the fertilised egg? Animals which reproduce through sexual reproduction Internal fertilization Eggs develop in the mother’s body and the young is born alive Eggs are laid and the young develop outside the mother’s body External fertilization Reptiles, birds, insects Most aquatic animals, from sea-snails to amphibians and fish mammals Eggs are laid and the young develop outside the mother’s body There are exceptions in each category.

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14. 14 As with flowers, for human reproduction, we need to know where the male gametes (sperms) and the female gametes (eggs) are stored. Human Reproduction

15. 15 1.Testis (Testes – plural) –Sperms are produced here. –Sex hormones are also produced here at puberty –They contain over 1 km of tiny tubes. –The walls of these tubes divide to produce cells. –These cells eventually mature to become sperms. 2.Epididymis –It lies against the testes. –It consists of about 6m of coiled and looped tubes. –They store the sperms temporarily. –Its walls produce a secretion 3.Sperm duct –It conducts the sperm with the secretion from the epididymis to the based of the penis where the sperms receive other secretions. 4.Penis –Introduces the sperms into the female during mating MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

16. 16 5.Scrotum –A bag which protects the testes. 6.Urethra –A canal through the penis to lead the sperm to the outside. 7.Glands –Includes the prostate gland, Cowper’s glands, seminal vesicle –These secrete slippery fluid to nourish the sperms, lubricate the urethra and stimulates the activity of the sperms passing through it. –This slippery fluid which contains the secretions is known as semen. 8.Urinary Bladder –Not part of the reproductive system but the excretory system. –Stores urine temporarily –Also uses the urethra to discharge the urine MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

17. 17 Reproductive system - Male epididymis / Cowper’s gland

18. 18 Reproductive system - Male

19. 19 1.Ovary (Every female has two ovaries.) –It contains the ova or eggs. –It also produces sex hormones at puberty. 2.Oviduct (or Fallopian tube) –It leads the mature egg from the ovary to the uterus. –It is also the place where fertilisation of the egg by sperm takes place. 3.Uterus (womb) –It is a pear-shaped muscular organ. –It has a soft mucus membrane which lines the inner wall of muscles. –This is where the embryo gets embedded and continues to develop FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

20. 20 4.Cervix –The uterus opens to a ring of muscles called the cervix. –Connects uterus to vagina. 5.Vagina –It is a muscular tube to receive sperms when mating. –It is also the birth canal for the baby. –Note that the vagina is not used to discharge urine. –The urethra for females is a separate tube unlike males. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

21. 21 Reproductive system – Female

22. 22 Reproductive System - Female

23. 23 We know that the male gamete is found in the testes and the female gamete is found in the ovaries. The question is how do we get the sperm and the egg to fuse together so that the egg can be fertilised and what happens after the egg is fertilised in human beings (in mammals). This cannot happen at any age. It can only start happening after the human being matures or reaches puberty. Physical maturity is one thing. Mental maturity is another. What do you think?

24. 24 Puberty (Physical maturity) The age at which secondary sexual characteristics appear and gametes (sex cells) begin to be produced or released Some general changes in both girls and boys. Height increases Face changes Armpit hair and pubic hair start to grow Sex organ develops and is capable of releasing the sex cells.

25. 25 Sex Cells Male Sex Cells –Called sperms –Produced by testes –Produced until old age –Capable of moving on their own –Millions of sperms released during each ejaculation Female Sex Cells –Called eggs/ova –Produced by ovaries –Produced until menopause –Not capable of moving themselves –Only one is released during ovulation

26. 26 Human Sperm Contains mitochondria which provides energy for the sperm’s activity Enables the sperm to swim towards egg

27. 27 Human Egg

28. 28 Puberty Specific changes in the male  Boys usually reach puberty at an average age of 13 years.  Sex organ starts to produce sperms  Shoulder and chest become broader  Voice breaks and deepens  Moustache and beard start to grow

29. 29 Puberty  Specific changes in the female  When a baby girl is born, the ovaries already contain around 400 000 ova or eggs.  Girls tend to mature two years earlier than boys (average age of 11)  When she matures, a small fraction of these eggs mature (approx. 450) and is released from alternate ovaries each month.  Breasts develop  Hips widen  Undergoes the menstrual cycle

30. 30 MENSTRUAL CYCLE 1.It is a cycle that mature girls go through. 2.It is the sequence of changes which occurs in the wall of the uterus in the course of 28 days (approx. once every month) 3.The changes are controlled by hormones secreted by the ovary. 4.3 main events occur in the cycle. a.The lining of the uterus wall thickens to prepare for the coming of the embryo. b.Ovulation – the release of ovum from the ovary once every month c.Menstruation – lining of uterus wall breaks down and flows out of the vagina as blood. –Menstruation happens only if the ovum (i.e the egg) does not get fertilised by a sperm.

31. 31 Menstrual Cycle

32. 32 What if fertilisation does occur? HOW DOES FERTILISATION OCCUR? 1.There is mating. 2.Sperms are introduced into the female through the vagina. 3.The sperms swim through the uterus to the oviduct towards the egg. 4.A sperm bumps into the egg. 5.The sperm penetrates the egg membrane. 6.The tail drops. 7.The egg membrane thickens to prevent other sperms from entering. 8.The sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus.

33. Mrs Theresa Teo/2003 33 Fertilisation

34. 34 Fertilisation + sperm egg fertilised egg

35. 35 What happens after fertilisation? 1.The egg is now a zygote. 2.The zygote divides into hundreds of cells to become an embryo as it passes further down the Fallopian tube or oviduct on the way to the uterus. 3.The embryo then becomes embedded in the uterine wall which is now thick and rich in blood vessels. This is called implantation. 4.This embryo continues to divide and the blood, blood vessels and heart are among the first features to develop. 5.A fluid-filled sac called the amniotic sac protects the embryo. 6.The embryo gets nutrients, oxygen and antibodies from the blood vessels in the lining of the uterus called the placenta.

36. 36 What happens after fertilisation? 7.The embryo passes the urea and carbon dioxide back to the mother. 8.The embryo is attached to the placenta by the umbilical cord. 9.Eventually, the cells develop into different types of tissues and organs. 10.When all the main parts of the body and the internal organs are formed, it is called a foetus. 11.Growth and development continues till around the 40 th week when the muscles of the uterus start to contract and the process of giving birth begins. 12.The amniotic sac breaks and the contractions increase in intensity and frequency, and the baby is pushed through the vagina and out of the female’s body.

37. 37 Foetus Development 5 months9 months

38. Mrs Theresa Teo/2003 38 Fetus Development and Structure

39. 39 Birth of baby