1. FLOWERS

2. Basic structure of the angiosperm flower
The fertilization process
Pollen and stigma self-incompatibility
The efficiency of animal pollination
Some basic types of flower
Reproduction and diversity of angiosperms

3. FLOWER “Bloom” or “Blossom”
It is the part of the plant from which the fruit or seed is developed.

4. FUNCTION OF FLOWERS
Effect Reproduction
Brightening decorations
Worshipping gods
Herbal tea, medicines
Tokens for love and esteem

5. FLOWER ANATOMY

6. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
PISTIL – female reproductive organ of the flower which includes the:
Stigma
Style
Ovary
STAMEN – male reproductive organ
Anther
Filament

7. CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS
Accdg. to PARTS:
COMPLETE FLOWER
A flower having all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
INCOMPLETE FLOWER
A flower lacking either sepals, petals, stamens, or pistils

8. CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS
Accdg. to SYMMETRY:
REGULAR FLOWER – a radially symmetric flower.
Examples:
WATER LILY
DAISY

9. CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS
IRREGULAR FLOWER – a flower in which one or more members of a whorl differ in form from other members
Example: Pea flower

10. CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS
Accdg. to SEXES:
PERFECT – flower showing both carpels and stamens
IMPERFECT – flower with only one reproductive organ, either female or male

11. CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS
Accdg. to COMPOSITION:
SIMPLE – a flower head made up of few flowers
Example: Gumamela
COMPOUND -  a flower head made up of many small flowers appearing as a single bloom.
Example: marigold

12. INFLORESCENCES
It is the mode of development and arrangement of flowers on an axis.

13. TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE

14. EXAMPLES
UNIPAROUS CYME
UMBEL
RACEME

15. EXAMPLES
CAPITULUM
SPIKE
BIPAROUS CYME

16. EXAMPLES
CORYMB
SPADIX

17. POLLINATION
The transfer of pollen from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or of another flower.

18. TYPES OF POLLINATION
Cross-pollination - occurs when pollen is delivered to a flower from a different plant
Self-pollination -  occurs when pollen from one flower pollinates the same flower or other flowers of the same individual

19. AGENTS OF POLLINATION
Wind
Water
Insects
Mammals
Birds

20. Basic structure of the angiosperm flower

21. Collective nouns that can cause confusion!
Calyx
The outer whorl of a flower made up of sepals that are usually green, and protect the flower in bud.
Carpel
Bears the stigma, and frequently an elongated style, and encloses the ovules (sometimes gynaecium). The megasporophyll of the flower
Corolla
The collective term for the petals of a flower
Ovary
The total of the carpels in a flower is the ovary
Pistil
Each separate carpel when there are lots of them in the ovary
Perianth
The floral envelope, it includes the calyx and corolla.
Stamen
The anther and its supporting filament. The microsporophyll of the flower

22. Evolution of the pistil
Ways in which Angiosperms are different from Gymnosperms
Angio-Gymno 4 Ovules protected within an enclosed structure
Evolution of the pistil

23. … about meiosis, mitosis and cytokinesis?

24. Life cycle of angiosperms
Fig

26. The fertilization process in Angiosperms
(Equivalent to Fig 31.10)

27. Development of gametophytes

29. Ways in which Angiosperms are different from Gymnosperms
Angio-Gymno 5. Double fertilization to produce diploid zygote and triploid endosperm nucleus

30. What goes on in the endosperm?
The triploid nucleus divides and the endosperm cell becomes a supercell with many nuclei and a milky consistency. Cyotkinesis forms membranes and walls between the nuclei and makes the endosperm more solid. The developing embryo uses the nutrients stored in the endosperm, as does the moncot seedling after germination. In most dicots, food reserves are moved to the cotyledons and the endosperm is not present in a mature seed.

31. Somatic cell division involves two successive steps: mitosis and cytokinesis.
In mitosis, the nuclear DNA duplicates and chromosomes segregates equally between the two daughter nuclei;
cytokinesis divides these two nuclei and cytoplasm, including related cytoplasmic organelles, into two individual cells.

32. Ways in which Angiosperms are different from Gymnosperms
Angio-Gymno 5. Generally angiosperms have hermaphrodite flowers and cross pollinate (70%)

33. … how many alleles there are at a locus?

34. Pollen and stigma incompatibility
There can be dozens of alleles of the S-gene. If a pollen grain has an allele that matches an allele of the stigma upon which it lands, then the pollen tube fails to grow. What happens when pollen from plants with three different allele pairs is crossed with an S1S2 plant? This system prevents self-fertilization AND fertilization from close relatives.

35. Rye grass incompatibility
Pollen Grain Size and Surface Morphology in a Perennial Rye Grass Hybrid
Rye grass incompatibility
Attempts to hybridize between particular varieties resulted in production of a web-like substance and incompatibility
Pollen grain on stigma
Stacey Lacoste

36. The efficiency of animal pollination
Pollen is up to 30% protein
Nucleus of tube cell
Animal pollination is targeted and so is more efficient than wind pollination.
Generative cell
Animal pollinated flowers generally produce much less pollen than wind pollinated flowers.
Pollen is important for animals – and many animal pollinated plants do produce excess pollen.
Lilium pollen

37. Some basic types of flower
Separate petals
Magnolia grandiflora

38. Flowers with a tubular corolla
Gentiana algida
Rocky Mountain National Park CO

39. A head with many florets

40. Monocotyledons Flower parts in threes Narcissus spp.

41. Monoecious, wind pollinated
Oaks, have separate male and female flowers.
The female flower (upper left) consists only of carpels and a calyx (collection of sepals).
The male flowers are in elongated clusters, called catkins, and consist only of anthers and a calyx. Both sexes are found on the same tree, and thus oaks are monoecious (meaning same house).
Some trees, e.g., poplars and willows are dioecious (meaning two houses), and there are male and female trees.
Other monoecious genera include birch, walnut, ash, hickory, and most maples.

42. Reproduction and diversity of angiosperms
Animal pollination is efficient and associated with the development of the hermaphrodite reproductive axis
The diversity of flowers represent mechanisms promoting efficient pollination
Prevention of self-fertilization maintains genetic variation by promoting cross pollination
Sophistication of the reproductive process enables a large number of ways reproductive isolation can occur and so maintains genetic diversity