1. Domains and Species

3.  All of the organisms in the world are assembled into three domains and six kingdoms   Domain: Bacteria, Kingdom Bacteria  Domain: Archaea, Kingdom Archaea  Domain: Eukarya : Kingdom Protista  Kingdom Fungi  Kingdom Plantae  Kingdom Animalia

4.  Are all prokaryotes  No nucleus. Single circle of DNA.  They are unicellular, made of one cell.  Unlike eukaryotic cells, there are no organelles in prokaryote cells.  Cell division in prokaryotes is by binary fission. The cell splits into two to produce two organisms.

5.  Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on earth.  An estimated 5 X 10 30 individuals.  One bacterium can give rise to 10 million in 24 hours.  Both aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration.  Some eubacteria carry out photosynthesis  Other eubacteria fix nitrogen (convert it from Nitrogen gas (N 2 ) to forms plant can use)

6.  Archaea are less widespread than Bacteria.  Differ from Eubacteria (1) details of cell wall structure. Different chemicals are used to make the cell walls in the two groups. (2)plasma membranes possess unusual lipids that differ from those found in the plasma membranes of bacteria. (3) differ substantially in DNA structure.

7.  Many Archaebacteria are methanogens.  This means that to produce energy they use H 2 gas to reduce CO 2 to CH 4 (methane), which releases energy.  Many Archaebacteria are adapted to extreme environments.  Thermophiles : “heat lovers.” Inhabit hot springs. Tolerate temps from 70 -- >110°C.  Halophiles : “salt lovers.” Require water that is 15-20% salt (seawater only 3% salt)

8.  Eukaryotes: DNA is arranged in chromosomes in a nucleus.  The eukaryotes include both single-celled (unicellular) and many-celled (multicellular) organisms.  Cells larger and more complex than cells of Prokaryotes. Contain organelles.  Organelles are structures in cells specialized for particular tasks.

9. 4 kingdoms.  Kingdom Protista.  Kingdom Fungi  Kingdom Plantae  Kingdom Animalia

10.  Protista are the oldest of the Eukarya.  Can be defined by shared derived characteristics.  Most Protistans are unicellular. However, seaweeds algae are multicellular, but do not have specialized cells.  Kingdom Protista. Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Chlorophyta: Kelp and other algae.

11.  The pants fall into four major groups:  Mosses  Ferns  Gymnosperms  Angiosperms

12.  Plants were the first organisms to colonize the land. Being on land requires the ability to collect and conserve water. Plant leaves are covered with a waxy cuticle, which reduces water loss. Roots collect water for the plant. Cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall that is composed of cellulose. The cellulose provides support for the plant.  Key ability of plants is photosynthesis : ability to make sugars from water and carbon dioxide using the energy available in sunlight.  Plants are complex multicellular organisms that possess chloroplasts, carry out photosynthesis and their cells have a cell wall.  There are more than 250,000 plant species in the world.

13.  Mosses are small never getting more than a couple of inches tall. They have to remain small because their cells depend on obtaining water by absorbing it through the outside of the plant. Water can move efficiently only a short distance through cells and this limits how large the mosses can get.  The other three groups the Ferns, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms all avoid this problem by having a plumbing system. These plants all have a vascular system a system of tubes that moves water from the roots to al the cells of the plant.

14.  Ferns were the first group to evolve a vascular system and were the first plants to grow large. Unlike the next two groups the ferns do not produce seeds.

15.  These include the pine trees, spruces and other cone producing species. These were the first to produce seeds. Gymnosperm seeds are called “naked seeds” because the seeds are small and not covered in a fruit, unlike the seeds of the angiosperms

16.  The first group to evolve flowers. Flowers signal to pollinator such as bees that there is nectar to be obtained and the plant uses the bee to fertilize itself and to spread its pollen to other flowers.  The angiosperms are the most dominant group of plants on earth and include most of the plants you are familiar with: grasses, roses, tulips, petunias, rhododendrons, etc, etc. Anything that produces a flower is an Angiosperm.  The flower is a special structure where male and female gametes (sex cells) meet. The ovary, which contains the female sex cell turns into a fruit that surrounds the seed. The fruit is a bribe to animals. The animals eat the fruit and digest it and the seed passes through the digestive tract and develops into a plant at some distance from its parent.

17.  Mr. Feiler is a Fun Guy  No…..Wait

18.  Fungi are multicellular and filamentous.  Possess specialized cells.  Have external digestion: they secrete digestive enzymes outside themselves and absorb whatever the enzymes break down..  Fungi do not photosynthesize.

19.  Fungi are specialized to be decomposers. The main body of a fungus is the mycelium which is made up of a mass of threadlike projections called hyphae which grow in the soil or in tissues of organisms being broken down. A mushroom is a reproductive structure. It produces spores, but the bulk of the fungus is out of view.   The fungal cell wall is made of chitin (same substance insect exoskeletons are made of. Fungi digest food externally by secreting digestive enzymes then absorbing the nutrients.  Fungi spread by spores.

20.  Includes: birds, mammals, reptiles, crabs, worms, fish, jellyfish, starfish, etc.  The Animalia are complex, diverse and have excellent mobility.  Animal cells lack a cell wall.  They do not photosynthesize.  There are several levels of complexity in the Animalia.  Complexity increases from: Specialized cells to tissues to organs to organ systems.

21.  The simplest animals are the sponges. These have specialized cells that carry out a single task, but have not evolved tissues.  The first group to evolve tissues (Cnidaria Jellyfish ). Sponges have no tissues but many cell types. A tissue is a group of specialized cells that carry out a particular task. Examples include muscle tissue and nervous tissue  Among the first organisms to evolve organs and organ systems were the flatworms. Organs are made up of a number of tissues, have a defined boundary and carry out a specific task. An example is the stomach.  The next level of complexity above the organ is the Organ system (e.g. digestive system). An organ system contains many organs working together to achieve a task.  All animals above the flatworms have organs and organs systems: insects, humans, snakes, spiders, snails, etc.

22.  Domain  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Genus  Species