1. LOCAL FLORA – Lecture 02 Dr. Donald P. Althoff LEC 02 Angiosperms Evolutionary Trends Classification Notes

2. Evolutionary Trends in Angiosperms (in general) Woody plants usually _________ the herbs, vines, and climbers ______________ gave rise to biennials…and annuals have derived from both perennials & biennials Dicots are considered ______ primitive than monocots

3. Seed-bearing Flowers gymnosperms DICOTS

4. Evolutionary Trends in Angiosperms (in general)…con’t Alternate leaves with secretory cells are ____________ compared to opposite or whorled leaves without secretory cells. Many separate stamens are more _________ than few or united stamens Single fruits _________ aggregate fruits formed from several ovaries OVERALL: _________ are not necessarily primitive, but have become _______ as a result of reduction from complex parts.

5. _______ Fruits __________ Fruits

6. St. Johnswort Fuschia _______ Stamens _____ Stamens

9. Within the Division of Magnoliophyta ( = Anthrophyta) Two Classes* Dicotyledons (dicots): _______________ Monocotyledons (monocots) __________

10. _______…in general (vs. monocots) ______ diverse About _____ of species are ________ Cotyledons: __ (rarely 1, 3, or 4) Leaves: usually __________ Primary vascular bundle: ________ Floral parts (except carpels) sets of _________ Root system: __________________

12. Abundance of ______________ roots 1 vs. 2 cotyledons

13. _________…in gene ral (vs. dicots) _____ diverse Less than ____ of species are _______ Cotyledons: ___ Leaves: usually _________-veined Primary vascular bundle: ________ or in 2 or more ______ Floral parts (except carpels) sets of _________ Root system: adventitious (characteristic of ferns, too) Probably evolved from ___________ of dicots early in the evolutionary history of angiosperms

14. Aceraceae Anacardiaceae Annonaceae Betulaceae Caprifoliaceae Cornaceae Ericaceae Fagaceae Grossulariaceae Woody (tree/shrub/vine) Families Hippocastanaceae Juglandaceae Magnoliaceae Moraceae Oleaceae Salicaceae Smilacaceae Ulmaceae Some…

15. Guttiferae (Clusiaceae) Lamiaceae Liliaceae Lythraceae Malvaceae Nymphaeaceae Orchidaceae Oxalidaceae Phytolaccaceae Polygonaceae Portulacaceae Ranunculaceae Scrophulariaceae Alismataceae Apiaceae Apocynaceae Araceae Asclepiadaceae Asteraceae Balsaminaceae Brassicaceae Campanulaceae Caryophyllaceae Convolvulaceae Fabaceae*** Geraniaceae Forb/Herb Families Some…

16. “Combo” Families: woody & herb Fabaceae [ alternate name: Leguminosae] “legumes family” alfalfabirdfoot treefoilpartridge pea round-headed lespedeza s. partridge pea slimflower scurfpea white clover yellow sweet clover wild blue indigo black locust* Rosaceae “rose family” rough avens*white avens*Am. plum black cherryblack chokeberry black raspberryblackberryprairie rose multi-flora rosesweet (American) crap apple DICOT

17. Kingdom Division Class Subclass Order Family Genus Plantae Magnoliophyta (Anthrophyta) Magnoliopsida- dicots Liliopsida- moncots - 6 - 5 1 2 12

18. Dicotyledons (Division Magnoliophyta, Class Magnoliopsida) Advancement Carpels Flowers Stamens Pollen Characteristics Subclasses (6) Cronquist system 1981 1 Magnoliidae (8o.39f.11,000s) Hamamelidae (11o.24f.3,400s) Caryophyllidae (3o.14f.11,000s) Dilleniidae (13o.78f.25,000s) Rosidae (18o.114f.58,000s) Asteridae (11o.49f.56,000s)

19. Monocotyledons (Division Magnoliophyta, Class Magnoliopsida) Advancement Carpels Flowers Stomatal Subsidiary Cells Characteristics Subclasses (5) 2 Alismatidae (4o.16f,500s) Arecidae (4o.5f.5,600s) Commelinidae (6o.16f,16,200s) Zingiberidae (2o.9f.3,800s) Liliidae (2o.19f,25,000s)

20. Characteristics helpful in “subclass” classification ________________: 1 or more features vs. relatively primitive Carpels: apocarpous vs. syncarpous Flowers: primitive to well developed Pollen: monosulcate vs. tricolpate (for dicots) Stomatal subsidiary cells: 0  4(for monocots)

21. CARPELS = megasporophyll APOCARPOUS CarpelsCarpels _________ in single individual pistilspistils SYNCARPOUS _______ Carpels resultingCarpels in compound ovary

22. POLLEN ___________________ boat-shaped, 1 long germinal furrow, ___ germinal aperture _________________ globosesymmetrical, usually ___ germinal apertures onion oak grass Lilium Artemisia

23. STOMATAL SUBSIDIARY CELLS: 0  4(for monocots)

24. Summary thoughts on classification…for now ______ characteristics to examine Some characteristics are very “definitive”…others require some “_______________” (ex. primitive vs. slightly advanced) _______________ into a subclass, order, family, and even genus is subject to revision