1. Pre – AP Biology Molecules of Life (2.4) Part 1

2. Dehydration & Hydrolysis reactions involving monomers & polymers

3. Carbohydrate Monomer Molecular Structures Remember, Stored Hydrogen = Energy

4. Carbohydrate Polymers Starch – stored plant sugars Glycogen – stored animal sugars

5. Cellulose of plant cell walls

6. Chitin

7. Lipids

8. Dehydration Synthesis Reaction to make Lipids Compare the number of Hydrogen in a lipid to that in a Carbohydrate

9. Saturated vs. Unsaturated

10. Phospholipid structure

11. Cell Membranes See the phospholipid bi-layer? See the cholesterol too?

12. Waxes Alcohol + Oil

13. Steroid Structure

14. Atherosclerosis Normal artery on left Clogged artery on right (See the cholesterol plaques on the inside?)

15. Pre – AP Biology Molecules of Life (2.4) Part 2

16. Proteins

17. Some Amino Acids Can you spot the amine functional groups? Can you spot the carboxyl functional groups?These are Hydrophobic

18. Some more Amino Acids These are Hydrophilic (Why?)

19. Answer Because the have charges – positive, negative, both (polar)

20. Peptide Bonding What type of chemical reaction is occurring to make this polymer?

21. Insulin protein: Primary 1’ sequence See the sequence of amino acids?

22. Sickle Cell Disease The sixth amino acid has been changed in the primary sequence

23. 2’ structure The Hydrogen bonding gives the protein flexibility.

24. 3’ Structure Notice the sulfur. Remember, sulfhdryl functional groups?

25. 4’ Structure in a Red Blood cell

26. Protein’s Natural Form

27. Denaturation of a protein What bonds do you think broke allowing this to happen?

28. Answer: Hydrogen Remember, they are weak bonds.

29. Nucleic Acid Structure

30. Complimentary Base Pairing Always a pyrimidine paired with a purine

31. Double Helix of DNA

32. Watson and Crick with their model of DNA What are scientific model for again?

33. Answer: To help explain concepts visually which are hard to see in real life.

34. Genes and Evolution How many are in common versus different?