1. © Intercultural Studies Group Universitat Rovira i Virgili Plaça Imperial Tàrraco 1 43005 Tarragona Fax: (++ 34) 977 55 95 97 TRANSLATION AND LOCALIZATION Anthony Pym Universitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona, Spain

2. © Intercultural Studies Group Visible localization:

3. © Intercultural Studies Group Partial localization:

4. © Intercultural Studies Group D-day localization

5. © Intercultural Studies Group What is localization? Localization: taking a product and tailoring it to an individual local market (i.e. ‘locale’). Translation: converting user-visible natural-language strings from one language to another. Localization = translation + factor X.

6. © Intercultural Studies Group What is factor X? Internationalization (e.g. character encoding) Adaptation (e.g. dates, time, currency conventions) product reengineering product testing project management.

7. © Intercultural Studies Group Don’t think like this: STTT

8. © Intercultural Studies Group Think like this: STTT 1 Interlingua

9. © Intercultural Studies Group Language technicians focus on... Controlled writing field-specific concept mapping multilingual documentation use of multilingual translation memories integration of MT project management?

10. © Intercultural Studies Group 1. Diversity at Microsoft:

11. © Intercultural Studies Group Welcome to Dragon NaturallySpeaking, the world’s most acclaimed large- vocabulary continuous-speech dictation system. With Dragon NaturallySpeaking you can dictate to your computer instead of using the computer to enter and revise text. 2. Linearity at Dragon:

12. © Intercultural Studies Group Welcome to Dragon NaturallySpeaking, the world’s most acclaimed large- vocabulary continuous-speech dictation system. With Dragon NaturallySpeaking you can dictate to your computer instead of typing. Two pages later:

13. © Intercultural Studies Group Welcome to Dragon NaturallySpeaking, the world’s most acclaimed large- vocabulary continuous-speech dictation system. With Dragon NaturallySpeaking you can compose e-mail messages, create reports, draft letters, edit proposals, and more, all by speaking to your computer instead of typing. And again:

14. © Intercultural Studies Group This means: Texts become ‘information objects’. They lose linearity (we read with the Find function). The discourse producer has no locale. Text production is also non-linear (modifications and updates). Localization extends what is done in the source language.

15. © Intercultural Studies Group Globalization at Ikea:

16. © Intercultural Studies Group In Malaysia:

17. © Intercultural Studies Group In Greece:

18. © Intercultural Studies Group In Poland:

19. © Intercultural Studies Group Globalization at Ikea:

20. © Intercultural Studies Group In Germany:

21. © Intercultural Studies Group In France:

22. © Intercultural Studies Group In Hong Kong:

23. © Intercultural Studies Group This means: The most global product is the most symbolically domesticated. There is a clear professional distinction between natural-language replacement (‘translation’) and complete localization. The dehumanizing processes are at the level of natural-language replacement.

24. © Intercultural Studies Group Work space at DejaVu...

25. © Intercultural Studies Group This means: Translators are being separated from the most lucrative IT techniques of localization. Translators are being separated from the most humanizing marketing techniques. We remain mere technicians.