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Published byNigel Phillips Modified over 9 years ago
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Aerobic and anaerobic cell respiration
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What does respiration mean? can mean breathing or ventilation of lungs or gills Can refer to gas exchange in the blood at the cellular level (oxygen in/carbon dioxide out) Can refer to the complex set of reactions that allow cells to burn sugar to make ATP
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What systems of the body are responsible for carrying these reactions out? Respiratory (oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange) Cardiovascular (transport) Digestive (digestion and absorption of glucose) We can “burn” molecules other than glucose There are MANY steps in this process. Balanced equation is simplified
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Three general reactions- aerobic cell respiration Glycolysis – happens in cell cytoplasm Kreb’s Cycle – happens in matrix of mitochondria Oxidative Phosphorylation/ETC- occurs in proteins in inner mitochondrial membrane called the Electron Transport Chain
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Splitting of sugar Glucose split into two three carbon molecules called pyruvate and energy is released. Energy is used to make 2 ATP by substrate Level Phosphorylation- ATP made without ETC Energy is also used to make 2 NADH-an energy storage molecule to be “cashed out” later No oxygen needed in this step!
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Each pyruvate is broken down into 3 CO2 molecules Energy stored in 4 NADH 1 FADH2 (also a “check” to be cashed out) 1 ATP ( made by SLP- no ETC) Is a cycle – begins and ends with same molecule How many times must the cycle run/glucose?
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Cycle turns twice for each glucose 8 NADH 2 FADH2 2ATP 6CO2
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PHASEATPNADHFADH2 GLYCOLYSIS2 by SLP20 KREB’S CYCLE 2X per glucose 2 by SLP82 ETC?????00
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Energy rich electrons stored in NADH and FADH2 are cashed in at a cascade of proteins in the inner mitochondria membrane As electrons fall they lose energy- exergonic Energy released is COUPLED with the active transport of H+ ions across the membrane Called chemiosmosis
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Oxygen accepts the electron at the end of the chain- H+ combine with oxygen and the electron to make water (waste) H+ accumulate in intermembrane space Rush back to matrix through ATP synthase- (light bulb shaped protein) release lots of energy Energy is used to add a phosphate to ADP to make ATP !!! This is called oxidative phosphorylation
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Phosphorylation- to make ATP Oxidative – using oxygen as last electron acceptor (ETC) Substrate level- without ETC, using enzymes in the mitochondria and cytoplasm
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PhaseATPNADHFADH2 Glycolysis22 (worth 2 ATP each) 0 KREB’S28 (worth 3 ATP each) 2 (worth 2 ATP each) ETC cash out value N/A4 ATP + 24 ATP= 28 ATP 4 ATP TOTAL ATP = 36 / glucose
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2 from glycolysis are only worth 2 ATPs. They have to travel through two mitochondrial membranes 8 NADHs from Kreb’s are already in mitochondria – are worth 3 ATPs each Prokaryotes make 38 ATPs – no internal membranes to pass through
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