1. Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology Wood Elizabethton High Glencoe Biology

2. Chapter Overview Big idea: Energy is required to cycle materials through living and non- living systems. Section 1: Organisms and Their Relationships Section 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Section 3: Cycling of Matter

3. Section 1: Organisms and Their Relationships I.Ecology (32) II.The Biosphere (34) III.Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors (35) IV.Levels of Organization (36) V.Climate vs. Weather VI.Ecosystem Interactions (38) VII.Community Interactions (38)

4. I. Ecology p.32 A. Ecology is the study of the relationship between an organism, and the environment that the organism lives in. B.Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods.

5. II. The Biosphere p.34 A.The thin layer of atmosphere around the Earth where all almost all living organisms are found. i.Bio~ Life Sphere~ Globe B.Extends several kilometers above and below the Earth’s surface

7. III. Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors A.Biotic i.Bio~ Living -tic~ Factor ii.Living factors in an organism’s environment a)Anything that is currently or once living. B.Abiotic i.A~ not Bio~Living Tic~factor ii.Nonliving factors in an organism’s environment a)Sunlight, temperature, rocks, and rainfall.

9. IV. Levels of Organization A.Levels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase. B.This list is from smallest to largest. i.Organism- The lowest level of organization is the individual organism itself

10. ii.Population- Organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time make up a population Ex) School of Fish

11. iii.Biological Community- A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same time. Ex) Biotic factors of a coral reef

12. iv. Ecosystem- An ecosystem is a biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it. Ex) Coral reef with all of the abiotic factors.

13. v. Biome- A biome is a large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities

14. V. Climate vs. Weather A.Weather- what it is currently like outside. i.Ex) what clothes you are wearing today. B.Climate- the average weather over a period of time. i.The type of clothes you have in your closet

15. VI. Ecosystem Interactions A.A habitat is an area where an organism lives. B.A niche is the role or position that an organism has in its environment.

16. VII. Community Interactions A.Competition i.Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time B.Predation i.Many species get their food by eating other organisms.

17. C.Symbiotic Relationships i.The close relationship that exists when two or more species live together D.Three different types

18. E. Mutualism i.When both organisms benefit

19. F. Commensalism i. One organism benefits and the other organism is neither helped nor harmed.

20. G. Parasitism i.One organism benefits at the expense of another. a)Ex) mosquito

21. 2.2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem I.Autotrophs (41) II.Types of Heterotrophs (41) III.Models of Energy Flow (42)

22. Autotrophs p.41 A.Organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food Ex) Sunflowers and some bacteria

23. Types of Heterotrophs p.41 A.Heterotoph- an organism that gets its energy requirement by consuming another organism. B.There are 4 types of heterotrophs.

24. i. Herbivore a)A herbivore is an organism that has adapted to only eat plant- based foods. Ex) Hippopotamus

25. ii. Carnivore a)A carnivore is a heterotroph that preys on other heterotrophs. Ex) Liger

26. iii. Omnivore a)An omnivore is an organism that has adapted to eat both plants and animals. Ex) Humans

27. iv. Detritivores a)A detritivore eats fragments of dead matter in an ecosystem. Ex) Earthworm

28. III. Models of Energy Flow p.42 A.Ecologists use food chains and food webs to model the energy flow through an ecosystem. B.Each step in a food web or food chain is called a trophic level.

29. C. Food Chains i.A food chain is a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.

30. D. Food Webs A food web is a model representing the many interconnected food chains within an ecosystem.

31. E. Ecological Pyramids i.An ecological pyramid is a diagram that can show the relative amounts of energy, biomass or food chains. ii.Each trophic level only has 10% of the energy of the level below available to it.

33. 2.3 Cycling of Matter I.Water Cycle (46) II.Carbon/Oxygen Cycle (47) III.Nitrogen Cycle (48) IV.Phosphorus Cycle (49)

34. I. Water Cycle p. 46

35. A.Approximately 90 percent of water vapor evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers; 10 percent evaporates from the surface of plants through a process called transpiration. B.Freshwater constitutes only about 3 percent of all water on Earth.

37. II. Carbon/Oxygen Cycle p.47

38. A.Long-term Cycle i.Organic matter converted to coal, oil, or gas deposits (carbon) ii.Calcium carbonate (carbon and oxygen) B.Short-term Cycle i.Burning fossil fuels (carbon) ii.Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

39. III. Nitrogen Cycle p. 48 A. The capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called nitrogen fixation.

40. B.Nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil. This makes the plants grow at a faster rate. C.Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen.

41. D.Nitrogen is returned to the soil in many ways. i.Animals urinate ii.Organisms die iii.Organisms convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds. iv.Denitrification

42. IV. Phosphorus Cycle p. 49

43. A.Long-term Cycle i.Erosion of rocks slowly adds phosphorus to the cycle. B.Short-term Cycle i.Phosphorus is cycled from the soil to producers and then from the producers to consumers.